troop2020 escribió:Saludos a todos .... El 9 circuito 3 - 0 mantuvo la suspension del ban a migrantes de 7 paises musulmanes , la corte argumento que la administracion no prueba que haya ningun peligro de esos paises y que ningun atentado terrorista previo a sido cometido por nacionales de esos paises entre otros argumentos ...
El problema de la decision de la corte es que ignora el principal argumento de la administracion , este es que el POTUS tiene la autoridad para implementar un ban en aliens entrando a US si es por nuestra seguridad o por otras razones , el que la corte en su argumento ignore este echo le esta dando una municion extra al pato para acusar a la corte de una decision politica ...
En este momento, el Tribunal se ha reunido para analizar la solicitud de la administración de que revoque la orden temporal de paralización del Juez federal. El Tribunal no entra en el fondo del asunto principal, solo examina si las alegaciones del Gobierno relativas a un riesgo presente y una gravedad extrema son suficientes para levantar la paralización temporal de la Orden Ejecutiva.
De hecho, lo ha examinado de forma extraordinaria, ya que las decisiones de paralización por 14 días no son susceptibles de recurso. En el sistema judicial de los Estados Unidos el juez puede dictar la paralización de la aplicación de un acto del gobierno o la administración (o un contrato, o lo que sea) de forma inmediata si entiende que su aplicación puede causar perjuicios irreparables. Esa suspensión dura solo 14 días y en esos 14 días el juez -normalmente- dictará unas medidas cautelares que serán las que estén en vigor hasta que finalice el estudio del tema principal, o prorrogará la suspensión otros 14 días. Como ya he comentado, el TS del Noveno Circuito no tenía, en principio, ni tan siquiera que haber tramitado la el recurso. Así que no entrar a decidir el fondo del asunto no es ningún problema en una decisión sobre medidas "cautelarísimas".
Por lo demás, lo que si deja claro la Decisión es que sean cuales sean las facultades del Presidente siempre pueden ser revisadas por los tribunales si no se adecuan a la Constitución y la ley. Por lo demás, también señala el Gobierno ha fracasado en explicar los motivos de seguridad y urgencia esgrimidos (no para la ley, para levantar la suspensión... aunque cabe suponer que serían los mismos)
En cualquier caso el 9 circuito en sus argumentos ignora la parte mas importante , el claro mandato del POTUS para implementar un ban si lo considera necesario , el que el 9 circuito ignore esto le a traido criticas hasta de liberals de toda la vida que comparan esto a un caso de free speech donde la corte ignore the First Amendment en sus argumentos , algo mas que la corte a echo es que le da derecho a un ciudadano de otro pais sin nacionalidad de USA a reclamar sobre una ley de USA , algo sin precedente que a sido criticado por todo el mundo porque habre la puerta a futuras reclamaciones en casos de todo tipo ...
Es rigurosamente falso que el 9 circuito no "ignore" el mandato al presidente para implementar política migratoria o prohibiciones sobre la misma "si lo considera necesario". De hecho, examina y discute la cuestión con detalle y descarta la posición del gobierno por su absoluta falta de fundamento. Copio a continuación el fundamento jurídico que expone la decisión para que no pueda caber ninguna duda.
The Government contends that the district court lacked
authority to enjoin enforcement of the Executive Order
because the President has “unreviewable authority to
suspend the admission of any class of aliens.” The
Government does not merely argue that courts owe
substantial deference to the immigration and national
security policy determinations of the political branches—an
uncontroversial principle that is well-grounded in our
jurisprudence. See, e.g., Cardenas v. United States, 826 F.3d
1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2016) (recognizing that “the power to
expel or exclude aliens [is] a fundamental sovereign attribute
exercised by the Government’s political departments largely
immune from judicial control” (quoting Fiallo v. Bell,
430 U.S. 787, 792 (1977))); see also Holder v.
Humanitarian Law Project, 561 U.S. 1, 33-34 (2010)
(explaining that courts should defer to the political branches
with respect to national security and foreign relations).
Instead, the Government has taken the position that the
President’s decisions about immigration policy, particularly
when motivated by national security concerns, are
unreviewable, even if those actions potentially contravene
constitutional rights and protections. The Government
indeed asserts that it violates separation of powers for the
judiciary to entertain a constitutional challenge to executive
actions such as this one.
There is no precedent to support this claimed
unreviewability, which runs contrary to the fundamental
structure of our constitutional democracy. See Boumediene
v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723, 765 (2008) (rejecting the idea that,
even by congressional statute, Congress and the Executive
could eliminate federal court habeas jurisdiction over enemy
combatants, because the “political branches” lack “the
power to switch the Constitution on or off at will”). Within
our system, it is the role of the judiciary to interpret the law,
a duty that will sometimes require the “[r]esolution of
litigation challenging the constitutional authority of one of
the three branches.” Zivotofsky ex rel. Zivotofsky v. Clinton,
566 U.S. 189, 196 (2012) (quoting INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S.
919, 943 (1983)). We are called upon to perform that duty
in this case.
Although our jurisprudence has long counseled
deference to the political branches on matters of immigration
and national security, neither the Supreme Court nor our
court has ever held that courts lack the authority to review
executive action in those arenas for compliance with the
Constitution. To the contrary, the Supreme Court has
repeatedly and explicitly rejected the notion that the political
branches have unreviewable authority over immigration or
are not subject to the Constitution when policymaking in that
context. See Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 695 (2001)
(emphasizing that the power of the political branches over
immigration “is subject to important constitutional
limitations”); Chadha, 462 U.S. at 940-41 (rejecting the
argument that Congress has “unreviewable authority over
the regulation of aliens,” and affirming that courts can
review “whether Congress has chosen a constitutionally
permissible means of implementing that power”). 6 Our
court has likewise made clear that “[a]lthough alienage
classifications are closely connected to matters of foreign
policy and national security,” courts “can and do review
foreign policy arguments that are offered to justify
legislative or executive action when constitutional rights are
at stake.” American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Comm. v.
Reno, 70 F.3d 1045, 1056 (9th Cir. 1995).
Kleindienst v. Mandel, 408 U.S. 753 (1972), does not
compel a different conclusion. The Government cites
Mandel for the proposition that “‘when the Executive
exercises’ immigration authority ‘on the basis of a facially
legitimate and bona fide reason, the courts will [not] look
behind the exercise of that discretion.’” The Government
omits portions of the quoted language to imply that this
standard governs judicial review of all executive exercises
of immigration authority. In fact, the Mandel standard
applies to lawsuits challenging an executive branch official’s
decision to issue or deny an individual visa based on the
application of a congressionally enumerated standard to the
particular facts presented by that visa application. The
present case, by contrast, is not about the application of a
specifically enumerated congressional policy to the
particular facts presented in an individual visa application.
Rather, the States are challenging the President’s
promulgation of sweeping immigration policy. Such
exercises of policymaking authority at the highest levels of
the political branches are plainly not subject to the Mandel
standard; as cases like Zadvydas and Chadha make clear,
courts can and do review constitutional challenges to the
substance and implementation of immigration policy. See
Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 695; Chadha, 462 U.S. at 940-41.
This is no less true when the challenged immigration
action implicates national security concerns. See Ex parte
Quirin, 317 U.S. 1, 19 (1942) (stating that courts have a duty,
“in time of war as well as in time of peace, to preserve
unimpaired the constitutional safeguards of civil liberty”);
Ex parte Milligan, 71 U.S. 2, 120-21 (1866) (“The
Constitution of the United States is a law for rulers and
people, equally in war and in peace . . . under all
circumstances.”). We are mindful that deference to the
political branches is particularly appropriate with respect to
national security and foreign affairs, given the relative
institutional capacity, informational access, and expertise of
the courts. See Humanitarian Law Project, 561 U.S. at 3334.
Nonetheless, “courts are not powerless to review the
political branches’ actions” with respect to matters of
national security. Alperin v. Vatican Bank, 410 F.3d 532,
559 n.17 (9th Cir. 2005). To the contrary, while counseling
deference to the national security determinations of the
political branches, the Supreme Court has made clear that
the Government’s “authority and expertise in [such] matters
do not automatically trump the Court’s own obligation to
secure the protection that the Constitution grants to
individuals,” even in times of war. Humanitarian Law
Project, 561 U.S. at 34 (quoting id. at 61 (Breyer, J.,
dissenting)); see also United States v. Robel, 389 U.S. 258,
264 (1967) (“‘[N]ational defense’ cannot be deemed an end
in itself, justifying any exercise of legislative power
designed to promote such a goal. . . . It would indeed be
ironic if, in the name of national defense, we would sanction
the subversion of one of those liberties . . . which makes the
defense of the Nation worthwhile.”); Zemel v. Rusk, 381 U.S.
1, 17 (1965) (“[S]imply because a statute deals with foreign
relations [does not mean that] it can grant the Executive
totally unrestricted freedom of choice.”).
Indeed, federal courts routinely review the
constitutionality of—and even invalidate—actions taken by
the executive to promote national security, and have done so
even in times of conflict. See, e.g., Boumediene, 553 U.S.
723 (striking down a federal statute purporting to deprive
federal courts of jurisdiction over habeas petitions filed by
non-citizens being held as “enemy combatants” after being
captured in Afghanistan or elsewhere and accused of
authorizing, planning, committing, or aiding the terrorist
attacks perpetrated on September 11, 2001); Aptheker v.
Sec’y of State, 378 U.S. 500 (1964) (holding unconstitutional
a statute denying passports to American members of the
Communist Party despite national security concerns); Ex
parte Endo, 323 U.S. 283 (1944) (holding unconstitutional
the detention of a law-abiding and loyal American of
Japanese ancestry during World War II and affirming federal
court jurisdiction over habeas petitions by such individuals).
As a plurality of the Supreme Court cautioned in Hamdi v.
Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004), “Whatever power the United
States Constitution envisions for the Executive in its
exchanges with other nations or with enemy organizations in
times of conflict, it most assuredly envisions a role for all
three branches when individual liberties are at stake.” Id. at
536 (plurality opinion).
In short, although courts owe considerable deference to
the President’s policy determinations with respect to
immigration and national security, it is beyond question that
the federal judiciary retains the authority to adjudicate
constitutional challenges to executive action.
Por último, respecto a lo de "dar derecho a un ciudadano de otro pais sin nacionalidad de USA a reclamar sobre una ley de USA , algo sin precedente que a sido criticado por todo el mundo" resulta complicado de entender, ya que no hay ningún ciudadano de otro país personado en este procedimiento. La solicitud de paralización proviene de la fiscalía de diversos estados de los Estados Unidos, no de "ciudadanos de otro país"
Those heroes that shed their blood and lost their lives... You are now lying in the soil of a friendly country. Therefore rest in peace. There is no difference between the Johnnies and the Mehmets to us where they lie side by side now here in this country of ours...