Tratados de paz de la Primera Guerra Mundial

[Ignasi]

Saludos,
alguien tiene los tratados de paz de la Primera Guerra Mundial, asi como otros documentos de la Gran Guerra como el ultimatum austrohunagaro y cosas por el estilo? o alguien sabe si estan en alguna web o algun sitio?
Si alguien tuviera algo q me lo mande a [email protected] x favor!
Gracias!!

[torpedo dw]

para el lunes te pongo algo

[torpedo dw]

Antecedentes
http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/index.htm
http://clio.rediris.es/udidactica/IGM/antecedentes.htm
http://www.johndclare.net/
http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/hs-12_re.htm
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/feros-pg.htm

Beligerantes
http://users.tibus.com/the-great-war/index.htm

Paz
http://www.rpfuller.com/gcse/history/index.html
http://history.acusd.edu/gen/text/versa ... tents.html
http://www.naval-history.net/index.htm

[torpedo dw]

1914 Panama Canal Protocol
This thread appeared on MARHST-L in October 2000, and appears here by permission.
________________________________________
From Steve McLaughlin ([email protected])
Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776-1949. Compiled under the direction of Charles I. Bevans, LL.B., Assistant Legal Advisor, Department of State. Vol. 10, Nepal-Peru. Department of State Publication 8642. Washington: Department of State, 1972, page 711.
Neutrality
Protocol of an agreement signed at Washington October 10, 1914
Entered into force October 10, 1914
Confirmed by agreement of August 25, 1939
38 Stat. 2042; Treaty Series 597
PROTOCOL OF AN AGREEMENT CONCLUDED BETWEEN HONORABLE ROBERT LANSING, ACTING SECRETARY OF STATE OF THE UNITED STATES, AND DON EUSEBIO A. MORALES, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, SIGNED THE TENTH DAY OF OCTOBER, 1914.
The undersigned, the Acting Secretary of State of the United States of America and the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Panama, in view of the close association of the interests of their respective Governments on the Isthmus of Panama, and to the end that these interests may be conserved and that, when a state of war exists, the neutral obligations of both Governments as neutrals may be maintained, after having conferred on the subject and being duly empowered by their respective Governments, have agreed:
That hospitality extended in the waters of the Republic of Panama to a belligerent vessel of war or a vessel belligerent or neutral, whether armed or not, which is employed by a belligerent power as a transport or fleet auxiliary or in any other way for the direct purpose of prosecuting or aiding hostilities, whether by land or sea, shall serve to deprive such vessel of like hospitality in the Panama Canal Zone for a period of three months, and vice versa.
In testimony whereof, the undersigned have signed and sealed the present Protocol in the city of Washington this tenth day of October 1914.
Robert A. Lansing [seal]
Eusebio A. Morales [seal]
________________________________________
Marc James Small ([email protected]) translated one paragraph into simpler English:
Any vessel of a belligerent power which commits a warlike deed within the territorial waters of the US Panama Canal Zone or the territorial waters of the Republic of Panama shall be barred from both such waters for a period of three months.
[and then further explained:]
The Protocol reads:
That hospitality extended in the waters of the Republic of Panama to a belligerent vessel of war or a vessel belligerent or neutral, whether armed or not, which is employed by a belligerent power as a transport or fleet auxiliary or in any other way for the direct purpose of presecuting or aiding hostilities, whether by land or sea, shall serve to deprive such vessel of like hospitality in the Panama Canal Zone for a period of three months, and vice versa.
_________________________
The operative language in distinguishing these vessels is "which is employed by a belligerent power as a transport or fleet auxiliary or in any other way for the direct purpose of presecuting or aiding hostilities"
In other words, warships and auxiliaries which are "prosecuting or aiding hostilities" will be barred for three months from Panamian/US Canal Zone waters. Those which were not so "prosecuting or aiding" could, I suppose, go about their lawful occasions. I know the Dutch and Americans in the Orient so treated German vessels calling on their ports.
Obviously, actual warships and AMC's would be treated with great suspicion by the local authorities, but a merchantman could chug in, recoal, give the lads a three-day liberty, and so forth, so long as they were not doing something warlike such as hauling a draft of Hardy Canadians from Vancouver to Liverpool. Ships doing this sort of thing would be restricted, as would actual warships, to the 24-hour rule.

[torpedo dw]

TRADE TREATY, INCLUDING THE PETROLEUM AGREEMENT, THE ECONOMIC AGREEMENT, AND THE NAVIGATION AGREEMENT ADDITIONAL TO THE TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN ROUMANIA AND THE CENTRAL POWERS. SIGNED AT BUCHAREST, 7 MAY, 1918.
________________________________________
Source: Source: United States, Department of State, Texts of the Roumanian "Peace" (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1918), pp. 29-54
________________________________________
[German text as published in the Neue Freie Presse, at Vienna, 14 May, 1918. The text of the Petroleum Agreement, published in the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, is identical.]
[Translation.)
FIRST PART.
THE PETROLEUM AGREEMENT.
I.
THE OIL-LANDS LEASEHOLD COMPANY.
1. For a term of thirty years the Roumanian Government grants to the Oil-lands Leasehold Company, Limited, the exclusive right to exploit all the Roumanian Crownlands, inclusive of those let on a long lease (Embaticgründe), for the prospecting, for the extraction and manufacture of mineral oils, natural gas, mineral wax, asphalt and any other bituminous products. This right extends to all Roumanian Crownlands for which, on 1 August, 1914 no petroleum concessions had yet been granted.
Crownlands for which a concession existed on 1 August, 1914 come under the provision of the preceding paragraph at the expiration of the time of the concession, unless before the time fixed for the expiration of the concession, an agreement has been concluded between the Roumanian Government and the present holder of the concession to the end of extending the concession and provided that the company referred to in the beginning of this agreement has renounced its right of exploitation for the period over which this concession extends. In case the Company avails itself of its right of exploitation, it must refund to the Government the amount of the value of the improvements made upon the respective properties which at the expiration of the present con-cession were to have become the property of the Roumanian Government. As regards the amount of the value to be compensated, the arbitral court provided for under No. 16 decides in case of disagreement.
The right of working the said lands by the Company referred to includes the right to construct and to use the improvements, buildings and dwellings necessary for the extraction, the storage, the transportation and the transformation of the aforementioned products of the soil and their byproducts.
2. The extraction and the manufacturing of all other usable products of the soil are not affected by this treaty; nevertheless, the extraction and the manufacturing of other products of the soil may only be carried on in such manner that the enterprizes of the Company will not be hindered.
3. The Company is entitled to use for its needs and for the duration of the agreement the public roads and railways as well as any other public means of communication (canals, telegraphs, telephones, etc.) inclusive of the improvements belonging to the State, serving for the transportation and storing of mineral oils and their by-products. In this matter, the Company shall not be treated less favorably than any other enterprize operated in Roumania as regards indemnities, taxes and assessments of whatever nature that must be met. The Company is, furthermore, entitled to build and to use, with-out having to pay any public taxes whatever, roads, railway lines and junction tracks, pipe-lines, lines for the transmission of power, installations for converting electric energy, telegraph and telephone installations, for the exploitation, manufacture, storing and transportation of materials, raw materials and byproducts. By paying an equitable fee, the Company may also use lands belonging to the State. The rate of this fee will be deter-mined, in case of disagreement, by the arbitral court provided for under No.16. In case the construction of the improvement referred to in this Paragraph makes it necessary to use landed properties not belonging to the State, the Roumanian Government, upon the request of the Company, and within the shortest possible time will proceed to the necessary expropriations in behalf and for the account of the Company, by taking into account, in so far as possible, the interests of national defence.
4. Upon the demand of the Company, the Roumanian State is obligated to put at the disposal of the latter the lumber necessary for the purposes of its enterprize, and from those State forests the situation of which permits of supplying it on the most favorable terms to the place where it is to be used. In case such demand is not completed with within the six weeks following the date on which it was made, then, upon an understanding with the Forest Department, the Company will be en-titled to procure the lumber of which it stands in need, either by proceeding to purchase it for the account of the State, or by procuring itself the lumber in one of the said forests best situated to that end, in which case, however, care will be exercised as regards the exigencies of a well-ordered forestry system. For the lumber supplied the Company will pay the average price quoted for the last three calendar years for lumber of the same kind and of the same quality from the same forests or from forest regions similarly situated.
THE SHARE OF THE ROUMANIAN STATE.
5. Within the three months reckoned from the close of each calendar year, the Roumanian State will receive a due indemnification to the amount of 8 per cent of the Roumanian market value of the crude petroleum extracted in the course of the last year. In the case of dispute regarding the rate of the market value, the question will be decided by the arbitral court provided for under No. 16. In computing the quantity subject to the indemnification, that quantity in weight of crude oil and crude oil by-products is to be deducted which is used in the extraction of the quantities taxable for furnishing heat, light and power for the individua1 enterprize of the Company. Measurement in the tank of the respective mine is conclusive as regards the determination of quantity; in cases of dispute with regard to the amount of production and consumption the commercial books of the enterprize will be decisive. Apart from the indemnification, the Roumanian State receives a share iii the profit; this share is computed on the basis of the amount which is distributed as dividend over and above the stipulated 8 per cent. The share, in the case of a rate of more than 8 up to 15 per cent amounts to 25 per cent of the entire surplus exceeding the rate of 8 per cent; if more than 15 and up to 20 per cent, then a further 5 per cent of the surplus exceeding the rate of 15 per cent; if more than 25 and up to 30 per cent, then a further 5 per cent of the surplus exceeding the rate of 20 per cent; if more than 30 and up to 40 per cent, a further 5 per cent of the surplus exceeding the rate of 30 per cent; if more than 40 per cent then 10 per cent of the. entire surplus exceeding the rate of 40 per cent. If in case of the liquidation of the Company the active capital to be distributed by the Company should exceed the amount of the capital paid in, the Roumanian State shall receive of this surplus amount the same share as if the surplus had been distributed as dividend.
6. The Company engages itself to make in each 5 years of the first 15 years 100 borings and to keep them operating uninterruptedly. These borings are to be made until oil is struck or even to the depth of 500 meters. But the borings may be stopped sooner in so far as it appears impossible to strike mineral oil, at a depth of 500 meters in paying quantities. If according to the provisions of No. 1 of this article more than 100 borings are carried out in a period of 5 years, the exceeding number of borings will be credited to the obligatory borings of the following 5 year periods. At the expiration of the first 15 years it will be determined how much crude oil has been obtained on the average by each of the borings in each quinquennial period. The Company guarantees to the Roumanian Government for the time after the expiration of the first 15 years, payment for each year of a sum corresponding to the indemnification due for the annual production of 20 borings computed on the basis stated.
7. The company will not be subject, on whatever grounds, to higher taxes or assessments or to more rigorous regulations than those applicable to any other petroliferous enterprize operating in Roumania. The privilege foreseen in the Roumanian law of 14 January (old style), 1912, concerning the protection of Roumanian national industries, or in other legal provisions are applicable to the Company and to it exploitation, even in case the Company does not fulfill the special conditions on which the granting of such privileges is dependent. The Company is exempt from customs duties on the importation of materials, machinery and any other installations necessary for its operation. Under the same conditions and t the same extent as any other enterprizes, the Company is to participate in the Roumania supply as concerns the material specified under No. 1 as well as in the articles manufactured therefrom.
8. At the expiration of the treaty, the borings made in the national territories together with all the improvements permanently connected therewith will pass, free of cost, into the possession of the Roumanian State. The Company is entitled to remove all of its other remaining installations, and. as the case may be, to export them exempt from customs dues if, before the expiration of the treaty, it has not come to an understanding, regards the sale thereof, with the Roumanian Government.
9. The Company is released from the prescriptions of the various regulations as regards the proof of capacity of boring-masters, chief boring-masters, directors of exploitation, etc., with regard to whom the German, Austrian or Hungarian qualification for their profession is also to be recognized in Roumania.
10. The Company, as regards the nationality of its directors, the members of its agencies, its employees and workmen, is subject to no restrictions whatsoever. Nevertheless, on the basis of its own needs and offers made to that effect, it will, as far as possible, employ the Roumanian element.
11. The rights available to and the duties resting upon the Oil-Lands Leasing Company, Limited, may within the 12 months following the general peace, be transferred to another Corporation to be designated in common by the German and the Imperial and Royal Joint Austro-Hungarian Governments.
THE RIGHT OF VOTE.
The first stock of this Company will, in a major part, consist of common-stock shares with the right of one vote, and to a lesser degree of preferred-stock shares with fiftyfold right of vote. The share in the earnings of the preferred-stock shares will simply consist in a preferred dividend of 6 per cent which increases correspondingly in the following years if in one year the entire net earnings should not attain the necessary amount for the distribution of this preferred dividend. The remainder of the net earnings intended for distribution will be equally apportioned to the common-stock shares. The total amount of preferred shares to be issued is determined by the German Government; it may not exceed 10 per cent of the entire capital. The right to dispose of the preferred shares belongs exclusively to Germany, Austria and Hungary on the basis of an agreement to be reached between the Governments of these States. The common-stock shares will, to the amount of one-quarter of the entire amount be placed at the disposal of the Roumanian Government with the right to distribute them, at its pleasure, even to private interests.
12. The Company may as a whole or in part, transfer to third parties the rights granted to it and the obligations resting upon it in accordance with this treaty. In the case of the complete transfer of its rights and obligations all the privileges granted to the Company accrue to its legal successor. The transfer to any other but a German, Austrian, Hungarian or Roumanian Corporation requires the approval of the Roumanian Government.
13. The grant of rights accruing to the Company by reason or the preceding provisions of Section I takes place without prejudice to the rights accorded under IV to the Commercial Monopoly Company.
14. The Company will, in the same way as any other domestic company established according to Roumanian law, be admitted to industrial activity. In this matter, the special provisions of the Roumanian legislation with regard to corporations established abroad, are not applicable. The Company will acquaint the Roumanian Ministry of commerce with its Roumanian chief office as well as with the names of those persons entitled to represent it, and will renew this communication each time if there shou1d be a change made in the seat of the chief office or in the person of its representatives.
15. The Roumanian Government will prolong for a new duration of thirty years the right of exploitation granted under No.1, if before the expiration of the twenty-fifth year the Company submits a proposition to that effect. A further prolongation of thirty years takes place in case the Company has submitted a proposition to that effect before the expiration of the fifty-fifth year. The indemnification to be paid to the Roumanian Government in virtue of Article 5 will be increased for the duration of the first prolongation to 9 per cent, for the second prolongation to 10 per cent; in all other respects the provisions of Section I are likewise applicable both to the duration of the first and second prolongation.
16. Disputes arising from this treaty are to be decided, to the exclusion of any judicial proceedings, by an arbitral court composed of three persons, acting in accordance with their best judgment. This arbitral court will be formed in such manner that each of the contracting parties designates an arbitrator. The arbitrators thus appointed choose the umpire. If within two months they are unable to agree with regard to the person of the umpire, then, with the reservation of an agreement reached in any other way by the parties, the President of the Imperial Tribunal in Leipzig shall appoint as umpire a national of a State not involved. If one of the contracting parties neglects to appoint its arbitrator within the space of one month the arbitrator of the other party alone acts as arbitrator. The umpire designates the seat of the arbitral court.
II.
1. The Roumanian Government recognizes the legal validity and the authenticity of the treaty between the military administration in Roumania, acting for the Roumanian State within the occupied territory, on the one hand, and the Oil-lands Leasing Company, Limited, on the other hand, concluded in Bucharest on 18 February, 1918, in reference to the transfer of Roumanian State properties with a view to their exploitation. The treaty of 18 February, 1918,1 goes out of force at a date still to be made known by the German Government, within the twelve months following the conclusion of the general peace, and the territories had in view in the said treaty will then come under the treaty formulated in I.
2. The rights and privileges granted by Nos. 3, 7, 9, 10, 12 and 14 of the preceding Section I to the company therein mentioned will be equally granted to the Oil-lands Leasing Company, Limited.
III
THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, LIMITED.
1. The Roumanian Government recognizes the agreement made or still to be made by way of a forced liquidation, of rights and privileges of other corporations, to the Petroleum Industry Development Company, Limited. In so far as the liquidators of the compulsorily liquidated companies were unable to hand over the conventional acts concerning the rights transferred by them to the Petroleum Industry Development Company, because those acts could not be found. the rights in question will he regarded as existing of right, unless contrary proof is produced by a third party within five years reckoned from the ratification of the peace treaty.
2. The rights and privileges granted by Nos. 3, 7. 9, 10 12 and 14 of the preceding Section I to the company therein mentioned are likewise granted to the Petroleum Industry Development Company, Limited. Article 19 of the consolidation law of 1904 is not applicable to this company.
3. The period of validity of all concessions acquired by the Petroleum Industry Development Company, Limited, will be extended by a period of time equal to that lying between 27 Au.-gust, 1916, and the expiration of the first year after the conclusion of the general peace. Nonfulfillment of the obligatory borings during the period mentioned does not entitle the one who has granted the concession to denounce the treaty of concession. Payments provided for in the treaties of concession or of cession on account of delay in effecting the said borings are not to be made for borings not carried out during the period mentioned.
IV
THE COMMERCIAL MONOPOLY COMPANY.
1. The Roumanian State establishes a State commercial monopoly for mineral oils and transfers the exploitation of the monopoly right to a commercial monopoly company to be established on the part of the German Government and of the Imperial and Royal Joint Austro-Hungarian Government by a financial group to be designated to the Roumanian Government, in accordance with the following principles: the company will be established as a joint stock company in Roumania with its chief seat in Bucharest. The capital stock of the company will, in a major part, consist of common-stock shares with the right of one vote, and to a lesser degree of preferred-stock shares with fiftyfold right of vote. The share in the earnings of the preferred stock shares shall simply consist in a preferred dividend of 6 per cent which increases correspondingly in the following years if in one year the entire net earnings should not attain the necessary amount for the distribution of this preferred dividend. The remainder of the net earnings in-tended for distribution will be equally a portioned to the common-stock shares. The total amount of preferred shares to be issued is determined by the German Government: it may not exceed ten cent of the entire capital. The right to dispose of the preferred shares belongs exclusively to Germany, Austria and Hungary on the basis of an agreement to be reached between the Governments of these States. The common-stock shares will, to the amount of one-quarter of the entire amount, be placed at the disposal of the Roumanian Government with the right to distribute them, at its pleasure, even to private interests. In so far as the Roumanian legislation decrees that up to a certain per cent the administrators and other agencies of the joint stock company must be of Roumanian nationality, these provisions do not apply to the Commercial Monopoly Company. In all other respects the Commercial Monopoly Company is subject to all the legal prescriptions anent joint stock companies which are actually in force in Roumania. but, in so far as these provisions are compatible with the provisions of the present treaty. Subsequent modifications of the Roumanian legislation which affect the legal relations of joint stock companies shall be applicable to the Commercial Monopoly Company only in so far as an understanding with regard to the application of these modifications to the Commercial Monopoly Company may be reached between Germany and Austria-Hungary on the one hand, and Roumania on the other hand.
2. The object of the monopoly is the exclusive right to procure crude oil. Oil that is obtained from natural gas is put on a par with crude oil. All the crude oil extracted and all oil secured from natural gas in Roumania must be left to the Commercial Monopoly Company in the reservoirs' of the oil mines or in any other place of production and must be taken over by this company in so far as the Commercial Monopoly Company does not leave with the producer the amount necessary to the needs of his enterprize If an oil mine is neither connected with a railroad nor with a pipeline of the Commercial Monopoly Company, then the company is entitled to demand that the crude oil extracted from this mine be delivered, on the basis of an indemnification which it shall determine, to the nearest railway station or to the nearest supply station of the pipe-line.
3. The Commercial Monopoly Company will determine each half year an equitable rate upon which it will take over the crude oil and the oil secured from natural gas.
4. The Roumanian Government is obligated, upon the request of the Commercial Monopoly Company, to put at the latter’s disposal for its needs, the establishments, installations and means of operation belonging to third parties, and necessary for the transportation, the storing, the transformation and the utilization of crude oil and its by-products, provided the company has not come to an understanding by way of a contract with the owner as regards the work to be carried out by him. As regards indemnification, it has in that case to pay to the owner an amount equal to the actual real Value of the utilized establishments, installations and means of operation, by taking into account the amounts which the Commercial Monopoly Company is to determine with a view to the amortization and payment of interest of this Value, inclusive of a profit of 8 per cent. In the case of differences of with regard to the value to be determined, such value will finally be established by experts appointed in common and each time for a period of five years by the German, Austro-Hungarian and Roumanian Governments. The construction of new refineries and the construction of other buildings to widen the scope of the enterprize are subject to the approval of the Commercial Monopoly Company.
5. The Commercial Monopoly Company has the right, for the purpose of transmitting means of operation (water, gas, etc.) and the transportation and storing of its raw materials and by-products, to lay pipe-lines, inclusive of tanks, pumping-apparatus, etc.,as well as electric conduits for lighting purposes or transmitting power. To that end it is entitled to the gratuitous use of public roads and bridges as well as of the State railway and other State lands. The use of any other parcel of land belonging to third parties may, in case a friendly agreement is not reached with the owner, take place by way of expropriation and in such case, the proof that the enterprize is one of public utility will be regarded as duly acquired. National pipe-lines, inclusive of tanks, pumping-apparatus, etc., will, upon the demand of the Commercial Monopoly Company be transferred to it either through purchase or through leasing. Purchase-price and leasing-price will be based upon the utilization fees in force on 1 August, 1914. New pipe-lines and oil reservoirs may not be laid or constructed without the approval of the Commercial Monopoly Company, with the exception of those pipe-lines and reservoirs necessary to the producers of crude oil for the storing thereof within their own mining area.
6. In agreement with the Roumanian Government, the Commercial Monopoly Company determines annually the amount of mineral oil products to be reserved to meet the domestic Roumanian consumption, inclusive of the needs for industrial purposes, and it furnishes these products at prices which must not exceed the average sale prices of the Commercial Monopoly Company, to the "Societatea Anonima pentru Distributia Produselor Petrolului." The Roumanian Government determines the other conditions relating to the distribution and the sale of these quantities in the interior as well as the taxes levied thereon.
THE EXPORTATION OF CRUDE OIL AND CRUDE OIL PRODUCTS.
7. The Commercial Monopoly Company has the exclusive right to export mineral oil and mineral oil products from Roumania. This exportation may neither be restricted nor prohibited. Nor may it--without prejudice to the provisions foreseen in this treaty--either be interfered with by the imposition of taxes, tolls or duties, under no matter what denomination, nor made difficult by administrative rules of whatever nature. In particular, the ordinance prescribing the use of special frontier stations for the exportation is inadmissible, in so far as the Commercial Monopoly Company has not declared its approval thereof.
8. For each quantity of 1,000 kilograms of Crude oil or mineral oil products (excepting asphalt) the Commercial Monopoly Company pays to the Roumanian State a tax of 4 Lei for mineral oil products and 3.60 Lei for crude oil. The accounting takes place semi-annually; and the tax due is payable within a quarter of a year after the establishment of the accounts.
9. In so far as nothing to the contrary is stipulated in the preceding, the Commercial Monopoly Company is exempt from the payment of taxes and public assessments of any kind no matter under what denomination or for whose account it may be.
10. The importation of crude oil and mineral oil products into Roumania is forbidden. Exceptions to this prohibition maybe granted with the authorization of the Commercial Monopoly Company through the means of a license payable to the Roumanian State and the amount of which will be determined annually and in advance by the Commercial Monopoly Company.
11. The date on which the Commercial Monopoly Company goes into force will be fixed by the German Government through the means of a declaration to the Roumanian Government at least three months in advance of that date.
V.
1. The privileges provided for in Section I under Nos. 7, paragraph 1, 9 and 10, as well as in Section III under No.3 and also under No. 2, the last sentence, will be extended to all corporations and enterprizes in Roumania which are engaged in the extraction, the exploitation, the transformation, the storing and the transportation of crude oil or mineral oil products.
2. In so far as corporations and enterprizes of the nature mentioned under No.1 have lost the means of proof serving to attest their rights, by reason of the fact that the public registers, judicial acts and other documents have been destroyed or mislaid during the time of the war, the determination of the respective rights takes place in an arbitral proceeding. The arbitral court consists of three arbitrators of whom the Roumanian crude oil producers designate one and the Roumanian Government appoints the second. The third arbitrator is appointed by the Government of the State whose nationals are in possession of a preponderating financial share in the enterprize in question. The decisions rendered by this arbitral court are final.
DECLARATION.
The German Government and the joint Austro-Hungarian Government on the one hand, and the Roumanian Government on the other hand agree as regards No. IV of the preceding petroleum agreement that the Roumanian Government, immediately after the ratification of the peace treaty will enter into negotiations with the Governments of Germany and Austria-Hungary for the purpose of determining in what manner the Roumanian surplus of mineral oil and of mineral oil products may be placed at the disposal of Germany, of Austria and of Hungary so that the vital interests of Roumania with regard to the domestic needs of the country and of her industries may not be jeopardized. In consequence, the provisions of No. IV will go into force only if by 1 December, 1918, another agreement should not have been reached between the Governments of Germany, of Austria-Hungary and of Roumania.
SECOND PART.
ECONOMIC AGREEMENT.
THE SUPPLYING OF GRAINS, CATTLE, MEATS AND RAW MATERIALS.
Article 1. Roumania sells to Germany, to Austria and to Hungary the surplus of the country in grains of all kinds, inclusive of oleaginous seeds, fodder, podded grains, fowls, cattle and meat, textile plants and wool of the harvests of the years 1918 and 1919. Grains that may be made into bread may also be supplied up to 6 per cent in the form of milled products. The prices for grains and fodder will be found in the annex. The prices for the other articles as well as the details regarding the supplying thereof will be fixed by a Commission of representatives of Germany, Austria, Hungary and Roumania on the basis of prices established for grains and fodder by taking into account the price quotations existing in the year 1917. Immediately after the ratification of the peace, the Commission will meet in Bucharest.
Article 2. For the seven years following upon the year 1919 Roumania obligates herself to furnish to Germany, to Austria and to Hungary the surplus of the country in grains of all kinds. inclusive of oleaginous seeds, fodder, podded grains, fowl, cattle and meat, textile plants and wool, in case Germany, Austria and Hungary make such demand. The Governments of the German Empire and Austria, including Hungary must declare, as soon as they are able to do so, and, namely with regard to grains of all sorts, milled products, fodder, textile plants and wool, at the latest by 1 April of each year and for the first time before, 1 April, 1920; as regards maize, at the latest by 15 June, and for the first time before 15 June, 1920; as regards the other articles semi-annually, namely by the beginning of July and by the beginning of January, and for the first time before 1 July, 1920, if and how much they want to take over the surplus in virtue of this obligation. The demand may bear upon either the totality of the surplus or upon a definite quantity, to be indicated, of the products mentioned. Of all grains that can be made into bread, up to 6 per cent of the exportations may be supplied in milled products. In case neither Germany nor Austria nor Hungary make use for one year of the right of preemption, the obligation of Roumania to furnish supplies lapses likewise for the following years.
Article 3. For the other agricultural products not named under Article 1, such as fruit, wine, specia1 agreements are reserved upon the condition that Roumania declares herself ready to furnish the surplus of the year 1918 to Germany, Austria and Hungary.
THE FIXATION OF PRICES
Article 4. The prices for the products regarding which Germany, Austria and Hungary have the right of purchase according to Article 2 will be fixed annually by a Commission. The Commission consists of a representative each from Germany, Austria and Hungary in so far as each of these countries participates in the purchase, and an equal number of representatives of Roumania. If the chairman of the Commission is not unanimously chosen, then a request will be addressed to the President of the Swiss Federal Court for the designation of the chairman. In case of a tie vote, the vote of the chairman will decide. The prices will be fixed either on the basis of the current market prices in the countries of analogous production, that is to say, in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ukrainia and the remaining European parts of the former Russian Empire, or, as soon as possible, the commercial prices for transoceanic articles of the same nature and quality in Dutch, English or German seaports by deducting therefrom the freight and insurance between these maritime ports and the ports of the Black Sea.
Article 5. The tolls and taxes of any kind levied by the Roumanian State are included in the price and borne by the vendor.
Article 6. In order to insure the execution of the treaty Roumania will issue prohibitions of exportation as concerns the products which she has to furnish to Germany, Austria, or Hungary. In case Germany, Austria or Hungary respectively call for only a part of the surplus, the exportation to other countries will remain prohibited in so far as the quantity of the surplus called for by Germany, Austria, and Hungary has not been supplied or its delivery has not been insured.
Article 7. The determination of the surplus is made by the Roumanian Government in cooperation with the representatives of the German Empire and of Austria-Hungary, in so far as no other provisions are agreed upon after the peace treaty with regard to the occupied territory. The relation between the average exportation for the years 1908 to 1913 and the total production will serve as a basis for the determination by taking an equitable account of the changes in the Roumanian field of economics.
Article 8. The manner and method of collecting, taking possession of and payment will be regulated by an exportation office to be constructed by Roumania in agreement with an office to be established by Germany, Austria and Hungary whose representatives must at all times be kept in-formed of all operations of the exportation office. In so far as with regard to the occupied territory other provisions or agreements are reached after the peace treaty, they are authoritative. The office to be constructed by Germany, Austria and Hungary will be exempt from special taxes and dues.
Article 9. Germany and Austria-Hungary will endeavor to promote in so far as possible, the exportation of all articles, manufactured or semimanufactured products, raw materials, etc., especially those articles necessary for the promotion of agricultural production. In order to do justice to the needs of the country, they are ready, immediately after the ratification of the peace treaty, to enter into negotiations anent the exportation of such articles to Roumania.
ACCOUNTING OF THE PURCHASE VALUE.
Article 10. Germany and Roumania as well as Austria and Roumania will mutually place at each others disposal the necessary means of payment to meet the obligations resulting from this treaty by opening a credit account in the currency of the other country. The details of this settlement are reserved for a subsequent agreement.
Article 11. Roumania obligates herself to promote in every direction, the traffic in merchandise through her means of transportation and her tariffs. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary will in like manner promote and facilitate traffic in merchandise with Roumania.
Article 12. All disputes arising from this treaty are to be decided by an arbitral court composed of three members. This arbitral court will be so formed that Germany, Austria and Hungary will together appoint one arbitrator. The arbitrators thus appointed choose the umpire. If within two months after one party has made the request of the other party the arbitrators are unable to agree upon the person of the umpire, each party may then request the President of the Swiss Federation to designate the umpire. The seat of this arbitral court shall be in Bucharest.
THE PRICES OF GRAINS AND PODDED GRAINS
Lei per 100 ki1ograms.
Wheat and Rye 38
Barley 29
Oats 29
Maize 29
Millet 31
Beans 47
Peas 42
Colza (cole-grain, mustard seed) 65
Flax-seed 75
Sun-flower seed 55
The prices are to be understood to be for good, sound articles of average quality, delivered, unpacked, to the station, f.o.b., or on board tow boat or steamer, in case the merchandise is directly taken to a port.
THIRD PART
NAVIGATION AGREEMENT.
Article 1. In the practice of navigation on the Danube, the German, the Austrian and the Hungarian ships, the German, the Austrian and the Hungarian ship owners and their representatives will be treated on a footing of absolute equality with the Roumanian ships, ship owners and their representatives or those of another State, and they will enjoy all the privileges that are granted to the latter as regards the navigation and the utilization of the establishments and installations in the service of public navigation. The cargoes of German, of Austrian and Hungarian ships as well as German, Austrian and Hungarian merchandise transported on ships of foreign States, shall as regards all dues and public taxes as well as regards the dispatching and handling in Roumanian ports, mooring places and transshipment places be treated in this respect absolutely on a par with Roumanian merchandise and merchandise of the other most favored States. The provisions of §§ 1 and 2 will be applied in the same manner within the German, Austrian and Hungarian stretch of the Danube, to Roumanian ships, to Roumanian ship owners and to their representatives, as well as to Roumanian cargoes and goods.
Article 2. A. The Governments of the contracting parties will as hitherto, see to it in future that along the shore places of their territories the necessary ports of traffic and for wintering embarcation and debarcation places as well as storing places for goods will be available for public use. B. The German, the Austrian and the Hungarian Governments will, within their territories, put no hindrances in the way of the leasing of river stretches by Roumanian navigation enterprizes. C. On the other hand, upon the shore lands within its territory, the Roumanian Government, by lease extending over a period of thirty years, places at the disposal of German, Austrian and Hungarian internal navigation enterprizes with a regular passenger and commercial traffic, such stretches of territory along the shore as can be used for the installation of warehouses, together with the necessary offices,.under the reservation of the observance of existing building regulations, places for anchorage and storing, for loading and unloading and for transfer, repair-shops, coal dumps as well as the necessary tracks for these operations, according to the needs of the respective internal navigation enterprizes, and, in so far as the public traffic needs may allow. D. It is agreed that immediately after the ratification of the peace treaty, the Roumanian Government will proceed, on the spot, with the settlement of these matters by inviting commissioners of the German, of the Austrian and of the Hungarian Government to look after the interests of their navigation companies. E. For the German, for the Austrian and for the Hungarian high-seas navigation companies permanent anchorage, in so far as possible, shall be reserved for their regular lines within the Roumanian ports doing maritime service together with the necessary warehouses located in proximity of these places of anchorage. F. Germany and Roumania agree that for the period during which Roumania will sell to Germany, to Austria and to Hungary the surplus of her grains, Germany will use the grain and coal elevators which Germany has erected within the Danube ports of Calafat, Corabia, Turnu-Magurele, Giurgiu and Oltenitza, on the condition that such installations will not interfere with the general traffic in the aforementioned harbors. Accordingly, and immediately after the ratification of the peace treaty, a German-Roumanian Commission will examine these installations and determine the conditions under which they shall be used and eventually changed, taking into account the present and future needs of these harbors. After the expiration of the purchase-period for the surplus of grains to Germany, Austria and Hungary, an agreement will be reached concerning the transfer to the Roumanian State of the installations in question and taking into account payments that may already have been made by the Roumanian State for these installations in conformity with the peace treaty. G. All other installations erected during the war, within the Roumanian Danube harbors, by Germany and by Austria-Hungary with a View to the improvement of the port traffic, inclusive of, railway tracks, will be transferred to Roumania, in so far as no special provision exists in the peace treaty or its annexes, by refunding the expenses and taking into account payments that may already have been made by the Roumanian State on the basis of the peace treaty.
FOURTH PART
FINAL PROVISION.
The present special agreement which forms an essential part of the peace treaty, will be ratified. Ratifications shall, as soon as possible, be exchanged at Vienna, In so far as nothing is stipulated to the contrary, it goes into force after the exchange of the ratifications. In witness thereof the Plenipotentiaries have signed this special agreement and affixed their seals to it.
Done in triple original, in Bucharest, 7 May, 1918.
Burian, m.p.
R. v. Kühlmann, m. p.
v. Koerner, m. p.
Kriege, m. p.
Hell, m. p.
Bene, m.p.
Marghiloman, m.p.
C.C. Arion, m.p.
Papiniu, m.p.
M.Burghele, m.p.
________________________________________
Return to Vinnie's Home Page
Return to World War I Page

[torpedo dw]

Convention on Maritime Neutrality. Havana, 20 February 1928
The Governments of the Republics represented at the Sixth International Conference of America States, held in the City of Havana, Republic of Cuba, in the year 1928;
Desiring that, in case war breaks out-between two or more states the other states may, in the service of peace, offer their good offices or mediation to bring the conflict to an end, without such an action being considered as an unfriendly act;
Convinced that in case this aim cannot be attained, neutral states have equal interest in having their rights respected by the belligerents;
Considering that neutrality is the juridical situation of states which do not take part in the hostilities, and that it creates rights and imposes obligations of impartiality, which should be regulated;
Recognizing that international solidarity requires that the liberty of commerce should be always respected, avoiding as far as Possible unnecessary burdens for the neutrals;
It being convenient, that as long as this object is not reached, to reduce those burdens as much as possible; and
In the hope that it will be possible to regulate the matter so that all interests concerned may have every desired guaranty;
Have resolved to formulate a convention to that effect and have appointed the following Plenipotentiaries:

(Here follow the names of Plenipotentiaries)

Who, after having presented their credentials, which were found in good and correct form, have agreed upon the following provisions:


SECTION I

FREEDOM OF COMMERCE IN TIME OF WAR

Article 1. The following rules shall govern commerce of war:
(1) Warships of the belligerents have the right to stop and visit on the high seas and in territorial waters that are not neutral any merchant ship with the object of ascertaining its character and nationality and of verifying whether it conveys cargo prohibited by international law or has committed any violation of blockade. If the merchant ship does not heed the signal to stop, it may be pursued by the warship and stopped by force; outside of such a case the ship cannot be attacked unless, after being hailed, it fails to observe the instructions given it.
The ship shall not be rendered incapable of navigation before the crew and passengers have been placed in safety.
(2) Belligerent submarines are subject to the foregoing rules. If the submarine cannot capture the ship while observing these rules, it shall not have the right to continue to attack or to destroy the ship.


Art. 2. Both the detention of the vessel and its crew for violation of neutrality shall be made in accordance with the procedure which best suits the state effecting it and at the expense of the transgressing ship. Said state, except in the case of grave fault on its Part, is not responsible for damages which the vessel may suffer.


SECTION II

DUTIES AND RIGHTS OF BELLIGERENTS

Art. 3. Belligerent states are obligated to refrain from performing acts of war in neutral waters or other acts which may constitute on the part of the state that tolerates them, a violation of neutrality.


Art. 4. Under the terms of the preceding article, a
belligerent state is forbidden:
(a) To make use of neutral waters as a base of naval operations against the enemy, or to renew or augment military supplies or the armament of its ships, or to complete the equipment of the latter;
(b) To install in neutral waters radio-telegraph stations or any other apparatus which may serve as a means of communication with its military forces, or to make use of installations of this kind it may have established before the war and which may not have been opened to the public.


Art. 5. Belligerent warships are forbidden to remain in the ports or waters of a neutral state more than twenty-four hours. This provision will be communicated to the ship as soon as it arrives in port or in the territorial waters, and if already there at the time of the declaration of war, as soon as the neutral state becomes aware of this declaration.
Vessels used exclusively for scientific, religious, or philanthropic purposes are exempted from the foregoing provisions.
A ship may extend its stay in port more than twenty-four hours in case of damage or bad conditions at sea, but must depart as soon as the cause of the delay has ceased.
When, according to the domestic law of the neutral state, the ship may not receive fuel until twenty-four hours after its arrival in port the Period of its stay may be extended an equal length of time.


Art. 6. The ship which does not conform to the foregoing rules may be interned by order of the neutral government.
A ship shall be considered as interned from the moment it receives notice to that effect from the local neutral authority, even though a petition for reconsideration of the order has been interposed by the transgressing vessel, which shall remain under custody from the moment it receives the order.


Art. 7. In the absence of a special provision of the local legislation, the maximum number of ships of war of a belligerent which may be in a neutral port at the same time shall be three.


Art. 8. A ship of war may not depart from a neutral port within less than twenty-four hours after the departure of an enemy warship. The one entering first shall depart first, unless it is in such condition as to warrant extending its stay. In any case the ship which arrived later has the right to notify the other through the competent local authority that within twenty-four hours it will leave the port, the one first entering, however, having the right to depart within that time. If it leaves, the notifying ship must observe the interval which is above stipulated.


Art. 9. Damaged belligerent ships shall not be permitted to make repairs in neutral ports beyond those that are essential to the continuance of the voyage and which in no degree constitute an increase in its military strength.
Damages which are found to have been produced by the enemy's fire shall in no case be repaired.
The neutral state shall ascertain the nature of the repairs to be made and will see that they are made as rapidly as possible.


Art. 10. Belligerent warships may supply themselves with fuel and stores in neutral ports, under the conditions especially established by the local authority and in case there are no special provisions to that effect, they may supply themselves in the manner prescribed for provisioning in time of peace.


Art. 11. Warships which obtain fuel in a neutral port cannot renew their supply in the same state until a period of three months has elapsed.


Art. 12. Where the sojourn, supplying, and provisioning of belligerent ships in the ports and jurisdictional waters of neutrals are concerned, the
provisions relative to ships of war shall apply equally:
(1) To ordinary auxiliary ships;
(2) To merchant ships transformed into warships, in accordance with Convention VII of The Hague of 1907. The neutral vessel shall be seized and in general subjected to the same treatment as enemy merchantmen:
(a) When taking a direct part in the hostilities.
(b) When at the orders or under direction of an agent placed on board by an enemy government;
(c) When entirely freight-loaded by an enemy government;
(d) When actually and exclusively destined for transporting enemy troops or for the transmission of information on behalf of the enemy. In the cases dealt with in this article, merchandise belonging to the owner of the vessel or ship shall also be liable to seizure.
(3) To armed merchantmen.


Art. 13. Auxiliary ships of belligerents, converted anew into merchantmen, shall be admitted as such in
neutral ports subject to the following conditions:
(1) That the transformed vessel has not violated the neutrality of the country where it arrives;
(2) That the transformation has been made in the ports or jurisdictional waters of the country to which the vessel belongs, or in the ports of its allies;
(3) That the transformation be genuine, namely, that the vessel show neither in its crew nor in its equipment that it can serve the armed fleet of its country as an auxiliary, as it did before.
(4) That the government of the country to which the ship belongs communicate to the states the names of auxiliary craft which have lost such character in order to recover that of merchantmen; and
(5) That the same government obligate itself that said ships shall not again be used as auxiliaries to the war fleet.


Art. 14. The airships of belligerents shall not fly above the territorial waters of neutrals if it is not in conformity with the regulations of the latter.


SECTION III

RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF NEUTRALS

Art. 15. Of the acts of assistance coming from the neutral states, and the acts of commerce on the part of individuals, only the first are contrary to neutrality.


Art. 16. The neutral state is forbidden:
(a) To deliver to the belligerent, directly or indirectly, or for any reason whatever, ships of war, munitions or any other war material;
(b) To grant it loans, or to open credits for it during the duration of war.
Credits that a neutral state may give to facilitate the sale or exportation of its food products and raw materials are not included in this prohibition.


Art. 17. Prizes cannot be taken to a neutral port except in case of unseaworthiness, stress of weather, or want of fuel or provisions. When the cause has disappeared, the prizes must leave immediately; if none of the indicated conditions exist, the state shall suggest to them that they depart, and if not obeyed shall have recourse to the means at its disposal to disarm them with their officers and crew, or to intern the prize crew placed on board by the captor.


Art. 18. Outside of the cases provided for in Article 17, the neutral state must release the prizes which may have been brought into its territorial waters.


Art. 19. When a ship transporting merchandise is to be interned in a neutral state, cargo intended for said country shall be unloaded and that destined for others shall be transhipped.


Art. 20. The merchantman supplied with fuel or other stores in a neutral state which repeatedly delivers the whole or part of its supplies to a belligerent vessel, shall not again receive stores and fuel in the same state.


Art. 21. Should it be found that a merchantman flying a belligerent flag, by its preparations or other circumstances, can supply to warships of a state the stores which they need, the local authority may refuse it supplies or demand of the agent of the company a guaranty that the said ship will not aid or assist any belligerent vessel.


Art. 22. Neutral states are not obligated to prevent the export or transit at the expense of any one of the belligerents of arms, munitions and in general of anything which may be useful to their military forces.
Transit shall be permitted when, in the event of a war between two American nations, one of the belligerents is a Mediterranean country, having no other means of supplying itself, provided the vital interests of the country through which transit is requested do not suffer by the granting thereof.


Art. 23. Neutral states shall not oppose the voluntary departure of nationals of belligerent states even though they leave simultaneously in great numbers; but they may oppose the voluntary departure of their own nationals going to enlist in the armed forces.


Art. 24. The use by the belligerents of the means of communication of neutral states or which cross or touch their territory is subject to the measures dictated by the local authority.


Art. 25. If as the result of naval operations beyond the territorial waters of neutral states there should be dead or wounded on board belligerent vessels, said states may send hospital ships under the vigilance of the neutral government to the scene of the disaster. These ships shall enjoy complete immunity during the discharge of their mission.


Art. 26. Neutral states are bound to exert all the vigilance within their power in order to prevent in their ports or territorial waters any violation of the foregoing provisions.


SECTION IV

FULFILMENT AND OBSERVANCE OF THE LAWS OF NEUTRALITY

Art. 27. A belligerent shall indemnify the damage caused by its violation of the foregoing provisions. It shall likewise be responsible for the acts of persons who may belong to its armed forces.


Art. 28. The present Convention does not affect obligations undertaken by the Contracting Parties through international agreements.


Art. 29. After being signed, the present Convention shall be submitted to the ratification of the Signatory States. The Government of Cuba is charged with transmitting authentic certified copies to the governments for the aforementioned purpose of ratification. The instrument of ratification shall be deposited in the archives of the Pan American Union in Washington, the Union to notify the signatory governments of said deposit. Such notification shall be considered as an exchange of ratifications. This Convention shall remain open to the adherents of non-Signatory States.
In witness whereof, the aforenamed Plenipotentiaries sign the present Convention in Spanish, English, French and Portuguese, in the City of Havana, the twentieth day of February, 1928.

(Here follow signatures)

[torpedo dw]

LA CONFERENCIA DE PAZ EN PARÍS (1919)
El 18 de enero de 1919, los respresentantes de los países vencedores se reunieron en la denominad Conferencia de París, bajo la dirección del Comité de los Cuatro: el presidente estadounidense Wilson, el premier británico Lloyd George, el primer ministro francés Clemenceau y Orlando, el jefe del ejecutivo italiano. Son los tres primeros, sin embargo, los que realmente dirigieron unas negociaciones a las que los países derrotados no pudieron asistir.
El 4 de octubre de 1918, los alemanes habían pedido un armisticio basado en las propuestas recogidas en los "Catorce puntos" de Wilson. La realidad de la derrota fue, sin embargo, más dura. Los países vencedores llegaron a París con ideas diferentes y compromisos, a veces secretos, adquiridos durante la guerra.
Pactos firmados por las potencias de la Entente durante la guerra
• Tratado secreto de Londres (1915) Italia se incorpora al conflicto junto a la Entente tras serle prometido por Francia y Gran Bretaña diversas anexiones: Trentino, Alto Adigio, Istria, la mayor parte de Dalmacia, Libia, Eritrea, Somalia y concesiones en Asia Menor (Anatolia turca)
• Acuerdo Sykes-Picot (1916) Francia y Gran Bretaña acuerdan el reparto de las posesiones del Imperio Turco. Italia recibe vagas promesas sobre Anatolia.
• Declaración Balfour (1917) Gran Bretaña promete a las organizaciones sionistas la cesión de parte de Palestina. Aqui nos encontramos con el origen del futuro conflicto arabe-israelí.

LAS POSTURAS DIVERGENTES DE LOS VENCEDORES

REINO UNIDO - Lloyd George
• No tenía reivindicaciones territoriales en Europa. Aspiraba, sin embargo, a ganancias coloniales en África y Asia a costa de los imperios alemán y turco.
• Destrucción del poderío naval alemán.
• Siguiendo su tradicional política de equilibrio europeo, Gran Bretaña no deseaba hundir a Alemania, para no fortalecer en exceso la posición de Francia en el continente.
• Una de sus preocupaciones clave fue impedir la extensión de la agitación revolucionaria bolchevique a la Europa central y, especialmente, a Alemania.
• Indemnizaciones de guerra

ESTADOS UNIDOS - Wilson
• Creación de la Sociedad de Naciones para garantizar la paz en el futuro.
• Aplicación del principio de las nacionalidades en el diseño de las nuevas fronteras europeas. Esta postura implicó, desde mayo de 1918, la destrucción de Austria-Hungría.
• Indemnizaciones de guerra

FRANCIA - Clemenceau
• Recuperación de Alsacia-Lorena
• Ocupación militar de la zona occidental del Rin y posible creación en Renania de un estado independiente. Esta última aspiración econtró la oposición de Gran Bretaña y EE.UU. En el primer caso, porque alteraba el equilibrio europeo, en el segundo, por que iba en contra del principio de las nacionalidades.
• Explotación económica de la región del Sarre
• Debilitar militarmente de forma definitiva a Alemania
• Oposición al Anschluss (unión de Alemania y Austria)
• Ganancias territoriales a costa de los imperios turco y alemán.
• Indemnizaciones de guerra

ITALIA - Orlando
• Aplicación del Tratado de Londres: anexión del Trentino, el Alto Adigio, Trieste y partes importantes de Istria y Dalmacia. Esta aspiración italiana encontró la oposición de EE.UU. ya que la anexión de territorios poblados por eslavos (Dalmacia) iba contra el principio de las nacionalidades. Wilson defiende a la recién creada Yugoslavia frente al expansionismo italiano en el Adriático.
• Ganancias coloniales en Oriente Medio y África.
• Indemnizaciones de guerra
Textos
Tablas y Gráficos

En definitiva, podríamos hablar, simplificando, de que Clemenceau personificó la postura de mayor dureza con Alemania ("Alemania pagará"), los países anglosajones, sin querer dejar de castigar a Alemania, optaron por una actitud más conciliadora, e Italia, infructuosamente, aspiró a compesaciones territoriales que finalmente no va a conseguir.
Los representantes de los derrotados no fueron invitados a la Conferencia de Paz. Los acuerdos duramente negociados entre los vencedores y concretados en los diversos tratados de paz, les fueron presentados como un hecho consumado al que simplemente deberían plegarse. Los alemanes, representantes de la recién nacida república de Weimar, firmaron el 28 de junio de 1919 tras ser amenazados con una invasión total de su país. En Alemania se hablaba del Diktat, de la imposición, de Versalles.
LOS TRATADOS DE PAZ
Cláusulas El Tratado de Versalles con Alemania Mapa

Territoriales • Francia recupera Alsacia y Lorena
• Eupen y Malmedy pasan a manos de Bélgica
• El pasillo polaco (Posnania y otras regiones) y el sur de la Alta Silesia se anexionan a la recién nacida Polonia. Esto significaba el aislamiento territorial del resto de Prusia Oriental.
• Danzig y Memel, poblaciones germanas del Báltico, fueron declaradas ciudades libres
• Dinamarca se anexiona el norte de Schleswig-Holstein.
• El conjunto de las pérdidas territoriales de Alemania ascendió a 76.000 kilómetros cuadrados (13% de su territorio), donde vivían 6.5 millones de habitantes (10% de su población)
• La cuenca carbonífera del Sarre pasa a ser administrada por la Sociedad de Naciones y explotada económicamente por Francia durante 15 años
• Alemania pierde todas sus colonias, que son repartidas como mandatos de la Sociedad de Naciones entre el Imperio Británico y Francia. Bélgica y Japón se anexionaron territorios muy pequeños.
Militares • Drástica limitación de la Armada (el grueso de la Armada de guerra fue confiscado y confinado en la base británica de Scapa Flow) y el Ejército (100.000 efectivos, no tanques, aviones, artillería pesada...)
• Desmilitarización de Renania (zona occidental y franja de 50 km. al este del Rin)
• Ocupación temporal de la orilla occidental del Rin. Las tropas aliadas se retirarían escalonadamente en plazos que concluirían en 1935.
Reparaciones • Como responsable de una guerra iniciada por su agresión, Alemania quedó obligada a pagar reparaciones o indemnizaciones de guerra a los vencedores.
• Conferencia de Spa (1920) fija el porcentaje que recibiría cada país del total: Francia 52%, Gran Bretaña 22%, Italia 10%, Bélgica 8%
• En la Conferencia de Londres (1920) se fija el monto total de las reparaciones: 140.000 millones de marcos-oro, una enorme cantidad.
Otras • Alemania reconoce su responsabilidad por la guerra y todos los daños que trajo consigo. Fue la agresión alemana la que desencadenó el conflicto.
• Prohibición de ingreso en la Sociedad de Naciones.
• Prohibición del Anschluss (unión Alemania y Austria)
• Establecimiento del Pacto de la Sociedad de Naciones, como un anexo al Tratado.


La Alemania del Tratado de Versalles
FUENTE: Universidad de San Diego

El Tratado de Saint-Germain con Austria Mapa

• Fin del Imperio Austro-Húngaro, de su ruptura nacen nuevos estados como Austria, Hungría y Checoslovaquia, a lo que se une cesiones de territorio a Italia y a las recién nacidas Polonia y Yugoslavia.
• Pago de reparaciones.
• Limitaciones en el ejército.
• Prohibición del Anschluss con Alemania.

El Tratado de Trianon con Hungría Mapa

• Fin del Imperio Austro-Húngaro, dee su ruptura nacen nuevos estados como Austria, Hungría y Checoslovaquia, a lo que se une cesiones de territorio a Italia y a las recién nacidas Polonia y Yugoslavia.
• Pago de reparaciones
• Limitaciones en el ejército
• Importantes minorías húngaras (3 millones, un tercio de la población total) quedan fuera del estado húngaro, en Eslovaquia, Rumanía (Transilvania) y Yugoslavia.

El Tratado de Neuilly con Bulgaria Mapa

• Pérdidas territoriales en beneficio de Rumanía, Grecia y Yugoslavia
• Pago de reparaciones
• Limitaciones en el ejército

El Tratado de Sèvres con Turquía Mapa

• Reparto de las posesiones del Oriente Medio entre Francia (Siria, Líbano) y Gran Bretaña (Palestina, Irak) en la forma de mandatos de la Sociedad de Naciones.
• Las fuertes pérdidas territoriales en Anatolia y Tracia estipuladas en Sèvres son anuladas en el tratado de Lausana (1923) tras la victoria turca en su guerra contra Grecia (1919-1922). Turquía quedó reducida a la península de Anatolia en Asia y a la región en torno a Estambul en Europa.

El problema soviético Mapa

• La Paz de Brest-Litovsk (marzo 1918) supuso la salida de la guerra de la Rusia soviética y la pérdida de gran cantidad de territorios en beneficio de los Imperios Centrales. Lenin se apresuró a firmar una paz tan dura para centrar al Ejército Rojo en la guerra civil iniciada en Rusia.
• Los países de la Entente apoyaron, primero con tropas y luego con armas y dinero, al Ejército Blanco en su lucha contra el gobierno bolchevique.
• Aprovechando la situación creada por la revolución, la derrota ante los Imperios Centrales, la guerra civil rusa, y la posterior victoria de la Entente, diversos territorios del antiguo imperio ruso zarista alcanzaron su independencia:
o Finlandia, en diciembre de 1917
o Los países bálticos, Estonia, Letonia y Lituania, a lo largo de 1918
o Polonia y la Rusia soviética se enfrentaron en una guerra que concluyó con el Tratado de Riga (marzo 1921). Este tratado supuso importantes pérdidas territoriales en beneficio del nuevo estado polaco.
o Rumanía se anexionó Besarabia.



Los cambios fronterizos tras los Tratados de París (1919-1920)
FUENTE: Universidad de San Diego

El aislamiento de los Estados Unidos
• Wilson puso toda su influencia en la constitución de la Sociedad de Naciones. Un elemento clave de la nueva sociedad era el principio de la seguridad colectiva, por el cual EE.UU. y los demas países miembros quedaban comprometidos en la defensa de la seguridad de los demás miembros de la Sociedad.
• Wilson, presidente del partido demócrata, se encontró con un Senado, que debía ratificar los tratados de paz y el pacto de la Sociedad de Naciones, dominado por el partido republicano. Los republicanos optaron por introducir importantes enmiendas al Pacto de la Sociedad de Naciones, esencialmente dirigidas a limitar el principio de la seguridad colectiva. La negativa de Wilson a negociar llevo a que el problema se solucionara en las elecciones de 1920.
• La derrota de Wilson y el triunfo del republicano Harding precipitó que EE.UU. no firmara ni los Tratados de Paz ni el Pacto de la Sociedad de Naciones. Posteriormente, en 1921, firmó tratados por separado con Alemania, Austria y Hungría.

CONCLUSIÓN: UNOS MALOS TRATADOS DE PAZ

La firma del Tratado de Versalles
Los Tratados firmados tras la Conferencia de París no contribuyeron en absoluto a estabilizar la situación europea y mundial. Al rastrear las causas de la segunda guerra mundial, rápidamente nos encontamos con que los errores cometidos en los tratados que pusieron fin a la Gran Guerra fueron claves a la hora de desencadenar de nuevo los horrores de un conflicto mundial apenas veinte años después de la conclusión de la "guerra que pondría fin a todas las guerras".
Alemania Mapa

• Alemania habia aceptado el armisticio tomando como base los "catorce puntos" de Wilson. Sin embargo, se encontró con que no se le permitió participar en la Conferencia de Paz y se la trató duramente en la Paz de Versalles (El "diktat" de Versalles). La postura "dura" de Clemenceau se había impuesto.
• El ser declarada "responsable del conflicto", las pérdidas territoriales en el este y las enormes reparaciones de guerra a las que se vió obligada fueron las cláusulas especialmente inaceptables para los alemanes.
• Sin embargo, excepto algunas zonas de Renania temporalmente y la cuenca del Sarre, Alemania no fue ocupada militarmente y su poderío económico no sufrió una merma sustancial. La gran contradicción fue que el Tratado de Versalles trataba de imponer una paz muy dura a un estado que aún era muy poderoso.
• En estas condiciones, agravadas por las dificultades de la posguerra, las posiciones "revanchistas" contra el Tratado de Versalles pronto se extendieron en Alemania. La falsa noción histórica de haber perdido la guerra no en el frente de batalla sino por "la puñalada por la espalda" de los demócratas, socialistas, judíos... que habían protagonizado la revolución de noviembre de 1918 se propagó entre los ámbitos ideológicos de la derecha alemana.

Italia Mapa

• Tras la firma de los tratados de paz en Italia se repetía la frase "Hemos ganado la guerra, pero hemos perdido la paz". Así se resumía la generalizada sensación italiana de haber sido menospreciados en París y haber conseguido pocos beneficios tras haber perdido 460.000 vidas humanas durante el conflicto.
• La no anexión de territorios en Dalmacia debido a la aplicación del principio de las nacionalidades en la nueva Yugoslavia y las exiguas conquistas coloniales causadas por el egoísmo franco-británico, hicieron que las anexiones del Trentino-Alto Adigio y la península de Istria (9.000 kilómetros cuadrados) parecieran muy poco a muchos italianos.

Europa Central y Oriental Mapa

• La aplicación del principio de las nacionalidades a una realidad tan compleja étnica y linguísticamente como la de esta zona provocó una intrincada labor de diseño de fronteras tratando de separar lo que a menudo era inseparable. Las minorías nacionales fueron la regla en los nuevos estados surgidos en la región. La zona estaba llena de focos de conflicto.

Francia Mapa

• Pese a imponer duras condiciones a Alemania, Francia no conseguirá que los países anglosajones se comprometieran a un pacto que garantizase su apoyo ante un eventual ataque alemán. La negativa norteamericana a firmar los tratados impidió esta aspiración francesa.
• La fragilidad de la posición francesa quedó clara en cuanto Hitler reinició el rearme alemán en la década de los treinta. Clemenceau había conseguido un tratado muy duro con Alemania, sin embargo, no había conseguido una situación de fuerza que permitiera su aplicación.

Estados Unidos
• La hegemonía de los republicanos durante los años veinte marcó una clara tendencia aislacionista. La negativa a entrar en la Sociedad de Naciones llevó a un desentendimiento de los asuntos políticos europeos enormemente nocivo para la estabilidad mundial ya que EE.UU. era ya la primera potencia mundial.
No obstante, en el terreno económico los norteamericanos no optaron por el aislamiento. Su negativa a condonar las deudas de los aliados de la Entente, en el lado negativo, o su intervención para solucionar el problema de las indemnizaciones de guerra de Alemania con el Plan Dawes de 1924, en el positivo, muestran como el aislacionismo no se dió en las cuestiones económicas.

U.R.S.S. Mapa

• Tras intervenir directamente y ayudar al Ejército Blanco durante el guerra civil, las potencias vencedoras optaron por establecer lo que se denominó cordón sanitario en torno a la URSS comunista. Establecimiento de una serie de estados antisoviéticos que cercaran al nuevo estado soviético. Se trataba de impedir la expansión del comunismo y debilitar a la URSS.
• La U.R.S.S. fue aislada y no se le permitió el ingreso en la Sociedad de Naciones. Otra gran potencia que quedaba fuera del concierto de naciones diseñado en París en 1919.

LA SOCIEDAD DE NACIONES
Wilson, el gran promotor de la idea, hizo que la Conferencia de París, que había iniciado sus sesiones el 18 de enero de 1919, aprobara una Resolución sobre la creación de una Sociedad de Naciones el día 25. En abril, la Conferencia aprobó el Pacto de la Sociedad de Naciones, que fue anexado a los diversos tratados de paz. Entró en vigor el junio de 1919, cuando se firmó el Tratado de Versalles.
La nueva Sociedad fijó su sede en Ginebra (Suiza). Sus principales instituciones eran una Asamblea General, un Consejo, del que eran miembros permanentes las grandes potencias, y un Secretario General, encargado dirigir los más de 600 funcionarios que trabajaban para la Sociedad.
Teniendo como como objetivo esencial el mantenimiento de la paz, la Sociedad buscó garantizar la protección de los pequeños países ante las grandes potencias. Se trataba de crear un nuevo orden internacional basado en el principio de la seguridad colectiva. El artículo 10º del Pacto consagraba este principio:
"Los miembros de la Sociedad se comprometen a respetar y a mantener contra toda agresión exterior la integridad territorial y la independencia política presente en todos los miembros de la Sociedad. En caso de agresión, de amenaza o de peligro de agresión, el Consejo determinará los medios para asegurar el cumplimiento de esta obligación."
La Sociedad de Naciones consiguió algunos éxitos en su labor, ayudó a solventar pacíficamente algunos conflictos en el período inmediato de posguerra y tuvo su apogeo en el período 1924-1929 (Tratado de Locarno, 1925, Ingreso de Alemania en la Sociedad, 1926, Pacto Briand-Kellog, 1928), sin embargo, cuando la situación internacional se enturbió tras la depresión de 1929, la Sociedad de Naciones se mostró totalmente incapaz de mantener la paz. Estos son los principales motivos:
Razones del fracaso de la Sociedad de Naciones Mapa

• Ausencia de potencias clave en el concierto mundial:
o EE.UU. se negó a entrar en 1920 y nunca participó.
o A Alemania se le negó el ingreso en principio, tras el Tratado de Locarno, se adhirió en 1926, para salir de nuevo inmediatamente después del ascenso de Hitler en el poder en 1933.
o A la URSS también se le negó el ingreso, accedió en 1934 y fue de nuevo expulsada en 1939
o Japón se marchó en 1933 e Italia en 1936.
• Falta de medios económicos o militares para imponer sus resoluciones.

[torpedo dw]

PART V.
MILITARY, NAVAL AND AIR CLAUSES.
In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of the
armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes strictly to observe the military,
naval and air clauses which follow.
SECTION I.
MILITARY CLAUSES.
CHAPTER I.
EFFECTIVES AND CADRES OF THE GERMAN ARMY.
ARTICLE 159.
The German military forces shall be demobilised and reduced as prescribed
hereinafter.
ARTICLE 160.
(1) By a date which must not be later than March 31, 1920, the German Army must
not comprise more than seven divisions of infantry and three divisions of
cavalry.
After that date the total number of effectives in the Army of the States
constituting Germany must not exceed one hundred thousand men, including officers
and establishments of depots. The Army shall be devoted exclusively to the
maintenance of order within the territory and to the control of the frontiers.
The total effective strength of officers, including the personnel of staffs,
whatever their composition, must not exceed four thousand.
(2) Divisions and Army Corps headquarters staffs shall be organised in accordance
with Table No. 1 annexed to this Section.
The number and strengths of the units of infantry, artillery, engineers,
technical services and troops laid down in the aforesaid Table constitute maxima
which must not be exceeded.
The following units may each have their own depot:
An Infantry regiment; A Cavalry regiment; A regiment of Field Artillery; A
battalion of Pioneers.
(3) The divisions must not be grouped under more than two army corps headquarters
staffs.
The maintenance or formation of forces differently grouped or of other
organisations for the command of troops or for preparation for war is forbidden.
The Great German General Staff and all similar organisations shall be dissolved
and may not be reconstituted in any form.
The officers, or persons in the position of officers, in the Ministries of War in
the different States in Germany and in the Administrations attached to them, must
not exceed three hundred in number and are included in the maximum strength of
four thousand laid down in the third sub-paragraph of paragraph (1) of this
Article.
ARTICLE 161.
Army administrative services consisting of civilian personnel not included in the
number of effectives prescribed by the present Treaty will have such personnel
reduced in each class to one-tenth of that laid down in the Budget of 1913.
ARTICLE 162.
The number of employees or officials of the German States such as customs
officers, forest guards and coastguards, shall not exceed that of the employees
or officials functioning in these capacities in 1913.
The number of gendarmes and employees or officials of the local or municipal
police may only be increased to an extent corresponding to the increase of
population since 1913 in the districts or municipalities in which they are
employed.
These employees and officials may not be assembled for military training.
ARTICLE: 163.
The reduction of the strength of the German military forces as provided for in
Article 160 may be effected gradually in the following manner:
Within three months from the coming into force of the present Treaty the total
number of effectives must be reduced to 200,000 and the number of units must not
exceed twice the number of those laid down in Article 160.
At the expiration of this period, and at the end of each subsequent period of
three months, a Conference of military experts of the Principal Allied and
Associated Powers will fix the reductions to be made in the ensuing three months,
so that by March 31, 1920, at the latest the total number of German effectives
does not exceed the maximum number of l00,000 men laid down in Article 160. In
these successive reductions the same ratio between the number of officers and of
men, and between the various kinds of units, shall be maintained as is laid down
in that Article.
CHAPTER II.
ARMAMENT, MUNITIONS AND MATERIAL.
ARTICLE 164.
Up till the time at which Germany is admitted as a member of the League of
Nations the German Army must not possess an armament greater than the amounts
fixed in Table No. II annexed to this Section, with the exception of an optional
increase not exceeding one-twentyfifth part for small arms and one-fiftieth part
for guns, which shall be exclusively used to provide for such eventual
replacements as may be necessary.
Germany agrees that after she has become a member of the League of Nations the
armaments fixed in the said Table shall remain in force until they are modified
by the Council of the League. Furthermore she hereby agrees strictly to observe
the decisions of the Council of the League on this subject.
ARTICLE 165.
The maximum number of guns, machine guns, trench-mortars, rifles and the amount
of ammunition and equipment which Germany is allowed to maintain during the
period between the coming into force of the present Treaty and the date of March
31, 1920, referred to in Article 160, shall bear the same proportion to the
amount authorized in Table No. III annexed to this Section as the strength of the
German Army as reduced from time to time in accordance with Article 163 bears to
the strength permitted under Article 160.
ARTICLE 166
At the date of March 31, 1920, the stock of munitions which the German Army may
have at its disposal shall not exceed the amounts fixed in Table No. III annexed
to this Section.
Within the same period the German Government will store these stocks at points to
be notified to the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers. The
German Government is forbidden to establish any other stocks, depots or reserves
of munitions.
ARTICLE 167.
The number and calibre of the guns constituting at the date of the coming into
force of the present Treaty the armament of the fortified works, fortresses, and
any land or coast forts which Germany is allowed to retain must be notified
immediately by the German Government to the Governments of the Principal Allied
and Associated Powers, and will constitute maximum amounts which may not be
exceeded.
Within two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, the maximum
stock of ammunition for these guns will be reduced to, and maintained at, the
following uniform rates:¬ fifteen hundred rounds per piece for those the calibre
of which is 10.5 cm. and under: five hundred rounds per piece for those of higher
calibre.
ARTICLE 168.
The manufacture of arms, munitions, or any war material, shall only be carried
out in factories or works the location of which shall be communicated to and
approved by the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, and
the number of which they retain the right to restrict.
Within three months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, all other
establishments for the manufacture, preparation, storage or design of arms,
munitions, or any war material whatever shall be closed down. The same applies to
all arsenals except those used as depots for the authorised stocks of munitions.
Within the same period the personnel of these arsenals will be dismissed.

ARTICLE 169.
Within two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty German arms,
munitions and war material, including anti-aircraft material, existing in Germany
in excess of the quantities allowed, must be surrendered to the Governments of
the Principal Allied and Associated Powers to be destroyed or rendered useless.
This will also apply to any special plant intended for the manufacture of
military material, except such as may be recognised as necessary for equipping
the authorised strength of the German army.
The surrender in question will be effected at such points in German territory as
may be selected by the said Governments.
Within the same period arms, munitions and war material, including anti-aircraft
material, of origin other than German, in whatever state they may be, will be
delivered to the said Governments, who will decide as to their disposal.
Arms and munitions which on account of the successive reductions in the strength
of the German army become in excess of the amounts authorised by Tables II and
III annexed to this Section must be handed over in the manner laid down above
within such periods as may be decided by the Conferences referred to in Article
163.
ARTICLE 170.
Importation into Germany of arms, munitions and war material of every kind shall
be strictly prohibited.
The same applies to the manufacture for, and export to, foreign countries of
arms, munitions and war material of every kind.
ARTICLE 171
The use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and all analogous liquids,
materials or devices being prohibited, their manufacture and importation are
strictly forbidden in Germany.
The same applies to materials specially intended for the manufacture, storage and
use of the said products or devices.
The manufacture and the importation into Germany of armoured cars, tanks and all
similar constructions suitable for use in war are also prohibited.
ARTICLE 172.
Within a period of three months from the coming into force of the present Treaty,
the German Government will disclose to the Governments of the Principal Allied
and Associated Powers the nature and mode of manufacture of all explosives, toxic
substances or other like chemical preparations used by them in the war or
prepared by them for the purpose of being so used.
CHAPTER III
RECRUITING AND MILITARY TRAINING
ARTICLE 173.
Universal compulsory military service shall be abolished in Germany.
The German Army may only be constituted and recruited by means of voluntary
enlistment.
ARTICLE 174
The period of enlistment for non-commissioned officers and privates must be
twelve consecutive years.
The number of men discharged for any reason before the expiration of their term
of enlistment must not exceed in any year five per cent. of the total effectives
fixed by the second subparagraph of paragraph (I) of Article 160 of the present
Treaty.
ARTICLE 175.
The officers who are retained in the Army must undertake the obligation to serve
in it up to the age of forty-five years at least.
Officers newly appointed must undertake to serve on the active list for
twenty-five consecutive years at least.
Officers who have previously belonged to any formations whatever of the Army, and
who are not retained in the units allowed to be maintained, must not take part in
any military exercise whether theoretical or practical, and will not be under any
military obligations whatever.
The number of officers discharged for any reason before the expiration of their
term of service must not exceed in any year five per cent. of the total
effectives of officers provided for in the third sub-paragraph (I) of Article 160
of the present Treaty.
ARTICLE 176.
On the expiration of two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty
there must only exist in Germany the number of military schools which is
absolutely indispensable for the recruitment of the officers of the units
allowed. These schools will be exclusively intended for the recruitment of
officers of each arm, in the proportion of one school per arm.
The number of students admitted to attend the courses of the said schools will be
strictly in proportion to the vacancies to be filled in the cadres of officers.
The students and the cadres will be reckoned in the effectives fixed by the
second and third subparagraphs of paragraph (I) of Article 160 of the present
Treaty.
Consequently, and during the period fixed above, all military academies or
similar institutions in Germany, as well as the different military schools for
officers, student officers (Aspiranten), cadets, non-commissioned officers or
student non-commissioned officers (Aspiranten), other than the schools above
provided for, will be abolished.
ARTICLE 171.
Educational establishments, the universities, societies of discharged soldiers,
shooting or touring clubs and, generally speaking associations of every
description, whatever be the age of their members, must not occupy themselves
with any military matters.
In particular they will be forbidden to instruct or exercise their members or to
allow them to be instructed or exercised, in the profession or use of arms.
These societies, associations, educational establishments and universities must
have no connection with the Ministries of War or any other military authority.
ARTICLE l78.
All measures of mobilisation or appertaining to mobilisation are forbidden.
In no case must formations, administrative services or General Staffs include
supplementary cadres.
ARTICLE 179.
Germany agrees, from the coming into force of the present Treaty, not to accredit
nor to send to any foreign country any military, naval or air mission, nor to
allow any such mission to leave her territory, and Germany further agrees to take
appropriate measures to prevent German nationals from leaving her territory to
become enrolled in the Army, Navy or Air service of any foreign Power, or to be
attached to such Army, Navy or Air service for the purpose of assisting in the
military, naval or air training thereof, or otherwise for the purpose of giving
military, naval or air instruction in any foreign country.
The Allied and Associated Powers agree, so far as they are concerned, from the
coming into force of the present Treaty, not to enroll in nor to attach to their
armies or naval or air forces any German national for the purpose of assisting in
the military training of such armies or naval or air forces, or otherwise to
employ any such German national as military, naval or aeronautic instructor.
The present provision does not, however, affect the right of France to recruit
for the Foreign Legion in accordance with French military laws and regulations.

CHAPTER IV.
FORTIFICATIONS
ARTICLE l80.
All fortified works, fortresses and field works situated in German territory to
the west of a line drawn fifty kilometres to the east of the Rhine shall be
disarmed and dismantled.
Within a period of two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty
such of the above fortified works, fortresses and field works as are situated in
territory not occupied by Allied and Associated troops shall be disarmed, and
within a further period of four months they shall be dismantled. Those which are
situated in territory occupied by Allied and Associated troops shall be disarmed
and dismantled within such periods as may be fixed by the Allied High Command.
The construction of any new fortification, whatever its nature and importance, is
forbidden in the zone referred to in the first paragraph above.
The system of fortified works of the southern and eastern frontiers of Germany
shall be maintained in its existing state.
[SEE TABLES]
SECTION II .
NAVAL CLAUSES.
ARTICLE 181.
After the expiration of a period of two months from the coming into force of the
present Treaty the German naval forces in commission must not exceed:
6 battleships of the Deutschland or Lothringen type, 6 light cruisers, 12
destroyers, 12 torpedo boats,
or an equal number of ships constructed to replace them as provided in Article
l90.
No submarines are to be included.
All other warships, except where there is provision to the contrary in the
present Treaty, must be placed in reserve or devoted to commercial purposes.
ARTICLE 182.
Until the completion of the minesweeping prescribed by Article 193 Germany will
keep in commission such number of minesweeping vessels as may be fixed by the
Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.
ARTICLE 183.
After the expiration of a period of two months from the coming into force of the
present Treaty, the total personnel of the German Navy, including the manning of
the Deet, coast defences, signal stations, administration and other land
services, must not exceed fifteen thousand, including officers and men of all
grades and corps,
The total strength of officers and warrant officers must not exceed fifteen
hundred.
Within two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty the personnel
in excess of the above strength shall be demobilised.
No naval or military corps or reserve force in connection with the Navy may be
organised in Germany without being included in the above strength.
From the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty all the German
surface warships which are not in German ports cease to belong to Germany, who
renounces all rights over them.
Vessels which, in compliance with the Armistice of November 11, 1918, are now
interned in the ports of the Allied and Associated Powers are declared to be
finally surrendered.
Vessels which are now interned in neutral ports will be there surrendered to the
Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers. The German Government
must address a notification to that effect to the neutral Powers on the coming
into force of the present Treaty.
ARTICLE 184.
From the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty, all the German surface warships which are not in German port cease to belong to Germany, who renounces all rights over them.
Vessels which, in compliance with the Armistice of November 11, 1918, are now interned in the ports of the Allied and Associated Powers are declared to be finally surrendered.
Vessels which are now interned in neutral ports will be there surrendered to the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers. The German Government must address all notification to that effect to the neutral Powers on the coming into force of the present Treaty.
ARTICLE 185.
Within a period of two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty
the German surface warships enumerated below will be surrendered to the
Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in such Allied ports as
the said Powers may direct.
These warships will have been disarmed as provided in Article XXIII of the
Armistice of November 11, 1918. Nevertheless they must have all their guns on
board.
BATTLESHIPS.
Oldenburg. Thuringen. Ostfriesland. Helgoland. Posen. Westfalen. Rheinland.
Nassau.
LIGHT CRUISERS.
Stettin. Danzig. Munchen. Lubeck. Stralsund. Augsburg. Kolberg. Stuttgart.
and, in addition, forty-two modern destroyers and fifty modern torpedo boats, as
chosen by the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.
ARTICLE 186.
On the coming into force of the present Treaty the German Government must
undertake, under the supervision of the Governments of the Principal Allied and
Associated Powers, the breaking up of all the German surface warships now under
construction.
ARTICLE 187 .
The German auxiliary cruisers and fleet auxiliaries enumerated below will be
disarmed and treated as merchant ships.
INTERNED IN NEUTRAL COUNTRIES:
Berlin. Santa Fe. Seydlitz. Yorck.
IN GERMANY:
Ammon. Answald. Bosnia. Cordoba. Cassel. Dania. Rio Negro. Rio Pardo. Santa Cruz.
Schwaben. Solingen. Steigerwald. Franken. Gundomar. Furst Bulow. Gertrud. Kigoma.
Rugia. Santa Elena. Schleswig. Mowe. Sierra Ventana. Chemnitz. Emil Georg von
Strauss. Habsburg. Meteor. Waltraute. Scharnhorst.
ARTICLE 188.
On the expiration of one month from the coming into force of the present Treaty
all German submarines, submarine salvage vessels and docks for submarines,
including the tubular dock, must have been handed over to the Governments of the
Principal Allied and Associated Powers.
Such of these submarines, vessels and docks as are considered by the said
Governments to be fit to proceed under their own power or to be towed shall be
taken by the German Government. into such Allied ports as have been indicated
The remainder, and also those in course of construction, shall be broken up
entirely by the German Government under the supervision of the said Governments.
The breaking-up must be completed within three months at the most after the
coming into force of the present Treaty.
ARTICLE l89.
Articles, machinery and material arising from the breaking-up of German warships
of all kinds, whether surface vessels or submarines, may not be used except for
purely industrial or commercial purposes.
They may not be sold or disposed of to foreign countries.
ARTICLE 190.
Germany is forbidden to construct or acquire any warships other than those
intended to replace the units in commission provided for in Article l81 of the
present Treaty
The warships intended for replacement purposes as above shall not exceed the
following displacement:
Armoured ships 10,000 tons
Light cruisers 6,000 tons
Destroyers 800 tons
Torpedo boats 200 tons

Except where a ship has been lost, units of the different classes shall only be
replaced at the end of a period of twenty years in the case of battleships and
cruisers, and fifteen years in the case of destroyers and torpedo boats, counting
from the launching of the ship.
ARTICLE 191 .
The construction or acquisition of any submarine, even for commercial purposes,
shall be forbidden in Germany.
ARTICLE 192.
The warships in commission of the German fleet must have on board or in reserve
only the allowance of arms, munitions and war material fixed by the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers. Within a month from the fixing of the quantities as
above, arms, munitions and war material of all kinds, including mines and
torpedoes, now in the hands of the German Government and in excess of the said
quantities, shall be surrendered to the Governments of the said Powers at places
to be indicated by them. Such arms, munitions and war material will be destroyed
or rendered useless.
All other stocks, depots or reserves of arms, munitions or naval war material of
all kinds are forbidden.
The manufacture of these articles in German territory for, and their export to,
foreign countries shall be forbidden.
ARTICLE 193.
On the coming into force of the present Treaty Germany will forthwith sweep up
the mines in the following areas in the North Sea to the eastward of longitude 4°
00', E. of Greenwich:
(1) Between parallels of latitude 53° 00', N. and 59° 00', N.; (2) To the
northward of latitude 60° 30' N.
Germany must keep these areas free from mines.
Germany must also sweep and keep free from mines such areas in the Baltic as may
ultimately be notified by the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers.
ARTICLE 194.
The personnel of the German Navy shall be recruited entirely by voluntary
engagements entered into for a minimum period of twenty-five consecutive years
for officers and warrant officers; twelve consecutive years for petty officers
and men.
The number engaged to replace those discharged for any reason before the
expiration of their term of service must not exceed five per cent. per annum of
the totals laid down in this Section (Article 183).
The personnel discharged from the Navy must not receive any kind of naval or
military training or undertake any further service in the Navy or Army.
Officers belonging to the Germany Navy and not demobilised must engage to serve
till the age of forty-five, unless discharged for sufficient reasons.
No officer or man of the German mercantile marine shall receive any training in
the Navy.

ARTICLE 195.
In order to ensure free passage into the Baltic to all nations, Germany shall not
erect any fortifications in the area comprised between latitudes 55° 27' N. and
54° 00' N. and longitudes 9°Ê00' E. and 16°Ê00' E. of the meridian of Greenwich,
nor install any guns commanding the maritime routes between the North Sea and the
Baltic. The fortifications now existing in this area shall be demolished and the
guns removed under the supervisions of the Allied Governments and in periods to
be fixed by them.
The German Government shall place at the disposal of the Governments of the
Principal Allied and Associated Powers all information now in its possession
concerning the channels and adjoining waters between the Baltic and the North
Sea.
ARTICLE 196.
All fortified works and fortifications, other than those mentioned in Section
XIII (Heligoland) of Part III (Political Clauses for Europe) and in Article 195,
now established within fifty kilometres of the German coast or on German islands
off that coast shall be considered as of a defensive nature and may remain in
their existing condition.
No new fortifications shall be constructed within these limits. The armament of
these defences shall not exceed, as regards the number and calibre of guns, those
in position at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty. The
German Government shall communicate forthwith particulars thereof to all the
European Governments.
On the expiration of a period of two months from the coming into force of the
present Treaty the stocks of ammunition for these guns shall be reduced to and
maintained at a maximum figure of fifteen hundred rounds per piece for calibres
of 4.1-inch and under, and five hundred rounds per piece for higher calibres.
ARTICLE 197.
During the three months following the coming into force of the present Treaty the
German high-power wireless telegraphy stations at Nauen, Hanover and Berlin shall
not be used for the transmission of messages concerning naval, military or
political questions of interest to Germany or any State which has been allied to
Germany in the war, without the assent of the Governments of the Principal Allied
and Associated Powers. These stations may be used for commercial purposes, but
only under the supervision of the said Governments, who will decide the
wavelength to be used.
During the same period Germany shall not build any more high-power wireless
telegraphy stations in her own territory or that of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria or
Turkey.
SECTION III.
AIR CLAUSES.
ARTICLE 198.
The armed forces of Germany must not include any military or naval air forces.
Germany may, during a period not extending beyond October 1, 1919, maintain a
maximum number of one hundred seaplanes or flying boats, which shall be
exclusively employed in searching for submarine mines, shall be furnished with
the necessary equipment for this purpose, and shall in no case carry arms,
munitions or bombs of any nature whatever.
In addition to the engines installed in the seaplanes or flying boats above
mentioned, one spare engine may be provided for each engine of each of these
craft.
No dirigible shall be kept.
ARTICLE 199.
Within two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty the personnel
of air forces on the rolls of the German land and sea forces shall be
demobilised. Up to October 1, 1919, however, Germany may keep and maintain a
total number of one thousand men, including officers, for the whole of the cadres
and personnel, flying and non-flying, of all formations and establishments.
ARTICLE 200.
Until the complete evacuation of German territory by the Allied and Associated
troops, the aircraft of the Allied and Associated Powers shall enjoy in Germany
freedom of passage through the air, freedom of transit and of landing.
ARTICLE 201.
During the six months following the coming into force of the present Treaty, the
manufacture and importation of aircraft, parts of aircraft, engines for aircraft,
and parts of engines for aircraft, shall be forbidden in all German territory.
ARTICLE 202.
On the coming into force of the present Treaty, all military and naval
aeronautical material, except the machines mentioned in the second and third
paragraphs of Article 198, must be delivered to the Governments of the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers.
Delivery must be effected at such places as the said Governments may select, and
must be completed within three months.
In particular, this material will include all items under the following heads
which are or have been in use or were designed for warlike purposes:
Complete aeroplanes and seaplanes, as well as those being manufactured, repaired
or assembled.
Dirigibles able to take the air, being manufactured, repaired or assembled.
Plant for the manufacture of hydrogen.
Dirigible sheds and shelters of every kind for aircraft.
Pending their delivery, dirigibles will, at the expense of Germany, be maintained
inflated with hydrogen; the plant for the manufacture of hydrogen, as well as the
sheds for dirigibles may at the discretion of the said Powers, be left to Germany
until the time when the dirigibles are handed over.
Engines for aircraft.
Nacelles and fuselages.
Armament (guns, machine guns, light machine guns, bombdropping apparatus,
torpedo-dropping apparatus, synchronisation apparatus, aiming apparatus).
Munitions (cartridges, shells, bombs loaded or unloaded, stocks of explosives or
of material for their manufacture).
Instruments for use on aircraft.
Wireless apparatus and photographic or cinematograph apparatus for use on
aircraft.
Component parts of any of the items under the preceding heads.
The material referred to above shall not be removed without special permission
from the said Governments.
SECTION IV.
INTER-ALLIED COMMISSIONS OF CONTROL.
ARTICLE 203.
All the military, naval and air clauses contained in the present Treaty, for the
execution of which a time-limit is prescribed, shall be executed by Germany under
the control of Inter-Allied Commissions specially appointed for this purpose by
the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.
ARTICLE 204.
The Inter-Allied Commissions of Control will be specially charged with the duty
of seeing to the complete execution of the delivery, destruction, demolition and
rendering things useless to be carried out at the expense of the German
Government in accordance with the present Treaty.
They will communicate to the German authorities the decisions which the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers have reserved the right to take, or which the
execution of the military, naval and air clauses may necessitate.
ARTICLE 205.
The Inter-Allied Commissions of Control may establish their organisations at the
seat of the central German Government.
They shall be entitled as often as they think desirable to proceed to any point
whatever in German territory, or to send subcommissions, or to authorise one or
more of their members to go, to any such point.
ARTICLE 206.
The German Government must give all necessary facilities for the accomplishment
of their missions to the Inter-Allied Commissions of Control and to their
members.
It shall attach a qualified representative to each Inter-Allied Commission of
Control for the purpose of receiving the communications which the Commission may
have to address to the German Government and of supplying or procuring for the
Commission all information or documents which may be required.
The German Government must in all cases furnish at its own cost all labour and
material required to effect the deliveries and the works of destruction,
dismantling, demolition, and of rendering things useless, provided for in the
present Treaty.
ARTICLE 207.
The upkeep and cost of the Commissions of Control and the expenses involved by
their work shall be borne by Germany.
ARTICLE 208.
The Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control will represent the Governments of
the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in dealing with the German Government
in all matters concerning the execution of the military clauses.
In particular it will be its duty to receive from the German Government the
notifications relating to the location of the stocks and depots of munitions, the
armament of the fortified works, fortresses and forts which Germany is allowed to
retain, and the location of the works or factories for the production of arms,
munitions and war material and their operations.
It will take delivery of the arms, munitions and war material, will select the
points where such delivery is to be effected, and will supervise the works of
destruction, demolition, and of rendering things useless, which are to be carried
out in accordance with the present Treaty.
The German Government must furnish to the Military Inter-Allied Commission of
Control all such information and documents as the latter may deem necessary to
ensure the complete execution of the military clauses, and in particular all
legislative and administrative documents and regulations.
ARTICLE 209.
The Naval Inter-Allied Commission of Control will represent the Governments of
the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in dealing with the German Government
in all matters concerning the execution of the naval clauses.
In particular it will be its duty to proceed to the building yards and to
supervise the breaking-up of the ships which are under construction there, to
take delivery of all surface ships or submarines, salvage ships, docks and the
tubular docks, and to supervise the destruction and breaking-up provided for.
The German Government must furnish to the Naval Inter-Allied Commission of
Control all such information and documents as the Commission may deem necessary
to ensure the complete execution of the naval clauses, in particular the designs
of the warships, the composition of their armaments, the details and models of
the guns, munitions, torpedoes, mines, explosives, wireless telegraphic apparatus
and, in general, everything relating to naval war material, as well as all
legislative or administrative documents or regulations.
ARTICLE 210.
The Aeronautical Inter-Allied Commission of Control will represent the
Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers in dealing with the
German Government in all matters concerning the execution of the air clauses.
In particular it will be its duty to make an inventory of the aeronautical
material existing in German territory, to inspect aeroplane, balloon and motor
manufactories, and factories producing arms, munitions and explosives capable of
being used by aircraft, to visit all aerodromes, sheds, landing grounds, parks
and depots, to authorise, where necessary, a removal of material and to take
delivery of such material.
The German Government must furnish to the Aeronautical Inter-Allied Commission of
Control all such information and legislative, administrative or other documents
which the Commission may consider necessary to ensure the complete execution of
the air clauses, and in particular a list of the personnel belonging to all the
German Air Services, and of the existing material, as well as of that in process
of manufacture or on order, and a list of all establishments working for
aviation, of their positions, and of all sheds and landing grounds.
SECTION V.
GENERAL ARTICLES.
ARTICLE 211.
After the expiration of a period of three months from the coming into force of
the present Treaty, the German laws must have been modified and shall be
maintained by the German Government in conformity with this Part of the present
Treaty.
Within the same period all the administrative or other measures relating to the
execution of this Part of the Treaty must have been taken.
ARTICLE 212.
The following portions of the Armistice of November 11, 1918 Article VI, the
first two and the sixth and seventh paragraphs of Article VII; Article IX;
Clauses I, II and V of Annex n° 2, and the Protocol, dated April 4, 1919,
supplementing the Armistice of November 11, 1918, remain in force so far as they
are not inconsistent with the above stipulations.
ARTICLE 213.
So long as the present Treaty remains in force, Germany undertakes to give every
facility for any investigation which the Council of the League of Nations, acting
if need be by a majority vote, may consider necessary.
________________________________________

[torpedo dw]

THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, In order to promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war by the prescription of open, just and honourable relations between nations by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organised peoples with one another Agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations.
ARTICLE I.
The original Members of the League of Nations shall be those of the Signatories which are named in the Annex to this Covenant and also such of those other States named in the Annex as shall accede without reservation to this Covenant. Such accession shall be effected by a Declaration deposited with the Secretariat within two months of the coming into force of the Covenant Notice thereof shall be sent to all other Members of the League. Any fully self-governing State, Dominion, or Colony not named in the Annex may become a Member of the League if its admission is agreed to by two-thirds of the Assembly provided that it shall give effective guarantees of its sincere intention to observe its international obligations, and shall accept such regulations as may be prescribed by the League in regard to its military, naval, and air forces and armaments.Any Member of the League may, after two years' notice of its intention so to do, withdraw from the League, provided that all its international obligations and all its obligations under this Covenant shall have been fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal.
ARTICLE 2.
The action of the League under this Covenant shall be effected through the instrumentality of an Assembly and of a Council, with a permanent Secretariat.
ARTICLE 3.
The Assembly shall consist of Representatives of the Members of the League. The Assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to time as occasion may require at the Seat of the League or at such other place as may be decided upon.The Assembly may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world. At meetings of the Assembly each Member of the League shall have one vote, and may not have more than three Representatives.
ARTICLE 4.
The Council shall consist of Representatives of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, together with Representatives of four other Members of the League. These four Members of the League shall be selected by the Assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until the appointment of the Representatives of the four Members of the League first selected by the Assembly, Representatives of Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Greece shall be members of the Council. With the approval of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name additional Members of the League whose Representatives shall always be members of the Council; the Council with like approval may increase the number of Members of the League to be selected by the Assembly for representation on the Council. The Council shall meet from time to time as occasion may require, and at least once a year, at the Seat of the League, or at such other place as may be decided upon. The Council may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world. Any Member of the League not represented on the Council shall be invited to send a Representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the Council during the consideration of matters specially affecting the interests of that Member of the League. At meetings of the Council, each Member of the League represented on the Council shall have one vote, and may have not more than one Representative.
ARTICLE 5.
Except where otherwise expressly provided in this Covenant or by the terms of the present Treaty, decisions at any meeting of the Assembly or of the Council shall require the agreement of all the Members of the League represented at the meeting. All matters of procedure at meetings of the Assembly or of the Council, including the appointment of Committees to investigate particular matters, shall be regulated by the Assembly or by the Council and may be decided by a majority of the Members of the League represented at the meeting. The first meeting of the Assembly and the first meeting of the Council shall be summoned by the President of the United States of America.
ARTICLE 6.
The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat of the League. The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General and such secretaries and staff as may be required.The first Secretary General shall be the person named in the Annex; thereafter the Secretary General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the majority of the Assembly.The secretaries and staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary General with the approval of the Council.The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings qf the Assembly and of the Council.The expenses of the Secretariat shall be borne by the Members of the League in accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union.
ARTICLE 7.
The Seat of the League is established at Geneva. The Council may at any time decide that the Seat of the League shall be established elsewhere. All positions under or in connection with the League, including he Secretariat, shall be open equally to men and women. Representatives of the Members of the League and officials of he League when engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities.The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials or by Representatives attending its meetings sha11 be inviolable.
ARTICLE 8.
The Members of the League recognise that the maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations. The Council, taking account of the geographical situation and circumstances of each State, shall formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration and action of the several Governments. Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every ten years. After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of the Council. The Members of the League agree that the manufacture by private enterprise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave objections. The Council shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the necessities of those Members of the League which are not able to manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary for their safety. The Members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank information as to the scale of their armaments, their military, naval, and air programmes and the condition of such of their industries as are adaptable to war-like purposes.
ARTICLE 9.
A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise the Council on the execution of the provisions of Articles 1 and 8 and on military, naval, and air questions generally.
ARTICLE 10.
The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.
ARTICLE 11.
Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the Members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action tnat may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations. In case any such emergency should arise the Secretary General shall on the request of any Member of the League forthwith summon a meeting of the Council. It is also declared to be the friendly right of each Member of the League to bring to the attention of the Assembly or of the Council any circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threatens to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations upon which peace depends.
ARTICLE 12.
The Members of the League agree that if there should arise between them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the matter either to arbitration or to inquiry by the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the award by the arbitrators or the report by the Council. In any case under this Article the award of the arbitrators shall be made within a reasonable time, and the report of the Council shall be made within six months after the submission of the dispute.
ARTICLE 13.
The Members of the League agree that whenever any dispute shall arise between them which they recognise to be suitable for submission to arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy, they will submit the whole subject-matter to arbitration. Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of international law, as to the existence of any fact which if established would constitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the extent and nature of the reparation to be made or any such breach, are declared to be among those which are generally suitable for submission to arbitration. For the consideration of any such dispute the court of arbitraion to which the case is referred shall be the Court agreed on by the parties to the dispute or stipulated in any convention existing between them. The Members of the League agree that they will carry out in full good faith any award that may be rendered, and that they will not resort to war against a Member of the League which complies therewith. In the event of any failure to carry out such an award, the Council shall propose what steps should be taken to give effect thereto.
ARTICLE 14.
The Council shall formulate and submit to the Members of the League for adoption plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court of International Justice. The Court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an international character which the parties thereto submit to it. The Court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the Assembly.
ARTICLE 15.
If there should arise between Members of the League any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to arbitration in accordance with Article 13, the Members of the League agree that they will submit the matter to the Council. Any party to the dispute may effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of the dispute to the Secretary General, who will make all necessary arrangements for a full investigation and conside ation thereof. For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate to the Secretary General, as promptly as possible, statements of their case with all the relevant facts and papers, and the Council may forthwith direct the publication thereof. The Council shall endeavour to effect a settlement of the dispute, and if such efforts are successful, a statement shall be made public giving such facts and explanations regarding the dispute and the terms of settlement thereof as the Council may deem appropriate. If the dispute is not thus settled, the Council either unanimously or by a majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a statement of the facts of the dispute and the recommendations which are deemed just and proper in regard thereto Any Member of the League represented on the Council may make public a statement of the facts of the dispute and of its conclusions regarding the same. If a report by the Council is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League agree that they will not go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with the recommendations of the report. If the Council fails to reach a report which is unanim~usly agreed to by the members thereof, other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League reserve to themselves the right to take such action as they shall consider necessary for the maintenance of right and justice. If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is found by the Council, to arise out of a matter which by international law is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the Council shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement. The Council may in any case under this Article refer the dispute to the Assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either party to the dispute, provided that such request be made within fourteen days after the submission of the dispute to the Council. In any case referred to the Assembly, all the provisions of this Article and of Article 12 relating to the action and powers of the Council shall apply to the action and powers of the Assembly, provided that a report made by the Assembly, if concurred in by the Representatives of those Members of the League represented on the Council and of a majority of the other Members of the League, exclusive in each case of the Rpresentatives of the parties to the dispute shall have the same force as a report by the Council concurred in by all the members thereof other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute.
ARTICLE 16.
Should any Member of the League resort to war in disregard of its covenants under Articles 12, 13, or 15, it shall ipso facto be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other Members of the League, which hereby undertake immediately to subject it to the severance of all trade or financial relations, the prohibition of all intercourse between their nations and the nationals of the covenant-breaking State, and the prevention of all financial, commercial, or personal intercourse between the nationals of the covenant-breaking State and the nationals of any other State, whether a Member of the League or not. It shall be the duty of the Council in such case to recommend to the several Governments concerned what effective military, naval, or air force the Members of the League shall severally contribute to the armed forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League. The Members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually support one another in the financial and economic measures which are taken under this Article, in order to minimise the loss and inconvenience resulting from the above measures, and that they will mutually support one another in resisting any special measures aimed at one of their number by the covenantbreaking State, and that they will take the necessary steps to afford passage through their territory to the forces of any of the Members of the League which are co-operating to protect the covenants of the League. Any Member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League may be declared to be no longer a Member of the League by a vote of the Council concurred in by the Representatives of all the other Members of the League represented thereon.
ARTICLE 17.
In the event of a dispute between a Member of the League and a State which is not a Member of the League, or between States not Members of the League, the State or States, not Members of the League shall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions as the Council may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of Articles 12 to I6 inclusive shall be applied with such modifications as may be deemed necessary by the Council. Upon such invitation being given the Council shall immediately institute an inquiry into the circumstances of the dispute and recommend such action as may seem best and most effectual in the circumstances.If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, and shall resort to war against a Member of the League, the provisions of Article 16 shall be applicable as against the State taking such action. If both parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purpose of such dispute, the Council may take such measures and make such recommendations as will prevent hostilities and will result in the settlement of the dispute.
ARTICLE 18.
Every treaty or international engagement entered into hereafter by any Member of the League shall be forthwith registered with the Secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. No such treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so registered.
ARTICLE 19.
The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by Members of the League of treaties which have become inapplicable and the consideration of international conditions whose continuance might endanger the peace of the world.
ARTICLE 20.
The Members of the League severally agree that this Covenant is accepted as abrogating all obligations or understandings inter se which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly undertake that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent with the terms thereof. In case any Member of the League shall, before becoming a Member of the League, have undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of this Covenant, it shall be the duty of such Member to take immediate steps to procure its release from such obligations.
ARTICLE 21.
Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of international engagements, such as treaties of arbitration or regional understandings like the Monroe doctrine, for securing the maintenance of peace.
ARTICLE 22.
To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilisation and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant. The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League. The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory, its economic conditions, and other similar circumstances. Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognised subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory. Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic, and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than police purposes and the defence of territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members of the League. There are territories, such as South-West Africa and certain of the South Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of civilisation, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population. In every case of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to the Council an annual report in reference to the territory committed to its charge. The degree of authority, control, or administration to be exercised by the Mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, be explicitly defined in each case by the Council. A permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and examine the annual reports of the Mandatories and to advise the Council on all matters relating to the observance of the mandates.
ARTICLE 23.
Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the Members of the League: (a) will endeavour to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labour for men, women, and children, both in their own countries and in all countries to which their commercial and industrial relations extend, and for that purpose will establish and maintain the necessary international organisations; (b) undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control; (c) will entrust the League with the general supervision over the execution of agreements with regard to the traffic in women and children, and the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs; (d) will entrust the League with the general supervision of the trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which the control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest; (e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of communications and of transit and equitable treatment for the commerce of all Members of the League. In this connection, the special necessities of the regions devastated during the war of 1914-1918 shall be borne in mind; (f) will endeavour to take steps in matters of international concern for the prevention and control of disease.
ARTICLE 24.
There shall be placed under the direction of the League all international bureaux already established by general treaties if the parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaux and all commissions for the regulation of matters of international interest hereafter constituted shall be placed under the direction of the League. In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general conventions but which are not placed under the control of international bureaux or commissions, the Secretariat of the League shall, subject to the consent of the Council and if desired by the parties, collect and distribute all relevant information and shall render any other assistance which may be necessary or desirable. The Council may include as part of the expenses of the Secretariat the expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed under the direction of the League.
ARTICLE 25.
The Members of the League agree to encourage and promote the establishment and co-operation of duly authorised voluntary national Red Cross organisations having as purposes the improvement of health, the prevention of disease, and the mitigation of suffering throughout the world.
ARTICLE 26.
Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of the League whose representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Assembly. No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League which signifies its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a Memb,er of the League.
ANNEX.
I. ORIGINAL MEMRERS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS SIGNATORIES OF THE TREATY OF PEACE.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BELGIUM, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, BRITISH EUPIRE, CANADA, AUSTRALIA, SOUTH AFRICA, NEW ZEALAND, INDIA, CHINA, CUBA, ECUADOR, FRANCE, GREECE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HEDJAZ, HONDURAS, ITALY, JAPAN, LIBERIA, NICARAGUA, PANAMA, PERU, POLAND, PORTUGAL, ROUMANIA, SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE, SIAM, CZECHO-SLOVAKIA, URUGUAY
STATES INVITED TO ACCEDE TO THE COVENANT.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, CHILE, COLOMBIA, DENMARK, NETHERLANDS, NORWAY, PARAGUAY, PERSIA, SALVADOR, SPAIN, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, VENEZUELA.
II. FIRST SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE LEAGUE OF NATION5.
The Honourable Sir James Eric Drummond, K.C.M.G., C.B.
________________________________________

[torpedo dw]

The Treaty of Versailles - 28th June 1919
Introduction
By 1918 Germany was being defeated in most areas of the war. German people were hungry, war weary and demanded peace. The German government eventually asked for an armistice, and at the eleventh day of the eleventh month, 1918, cease-fire began.
The problem of peace remained. Many people hoped that a peace settlement would prevent war from happening again, President Woodrow Wilson thought that he had the answer to all Europe’s problems. He stated his views in ‘Fourteen Points’.
________________________________________
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
On January 8th, 1918, Wilson outlined his peace proposals to the American Congress. These became known as the ‘Fourteen Points’ and ‘Four principles’.
On November 5th, 1918, Wilson sent a note to the Germans. The Germans agreed to an armistice and expected a peace settlement to be based upon the Fourteen points.
Of the fourteen points these were the most important:
a. There were to be no secret treaties between powers like the treaties that had helped to cause the First World War. (Open Diplomacy)
b. Seas should be free in peace and in war to ships of all nations (Freedom of Navigation)
c. The barriers to trade between countries such as custom duties should be removed (free trade)
d. All countries should reduce their armed forces to the lowest possible levels (Multilateral disarmament.)
e. The national groups in Europe should, wherever possible, be given their independence. Wilson supported the idea of National Self-Determination, whereby a nation had the right to self-government.
f. Russia should be allowed to operate whatever government it wanted.
g. Territorial changes:
Germany should give up Alsace-Lorraine and any lands taken away during the war.
The Italian frontier should be readjusted.
Belgium should be evacuated.
Poland should be given an outlet to the sea.
h. The defeated nations should not be made to pay for the war as a whole.
i. A ‘League of Nations’ should be formed to protect world peace in the future.
Most of the points are very general: not all of them stated specific changes. Britain and France looked upon the points as being too impractical, they thought that Wilson was hoping far too much. France and Britain had used much of their wealth on the war, and France had suffered two German invasions (1870 & 1914). France wanted to ensure that no third attack would ever take place, and wanted Germany to be reduced to a minor European State.
________________________________________
The Paris Peace Conference
The terms for peace were discussed in Paris from 18th January 1919 until June.
1. The conference was attended by thirty-two states, but the major powers dominated the conference, Japan, Italy (represented by Orlando), France (represented by Georges Clemenceau), Britain (represented by Lloyd George) and the USA (represented by Wilson) were considered to be the major powers. Major decisions were made by Britain, France and the USA, ‘The Big Three’.
2. Germany and the defeated states were not invited to attend the conference.
3. Peace was difficult to make because of the widescale disruption to Europe during the war and the general unrest that existed while the peace conference sat. When the Versailles Treaty was signed, few of Wilson’s fourteen points were adhered to, though a ‘League of Nations’ was set up.
________________________________________
German Land Losses
Refer to the map showing German land losses.
a. Clemenceau wanted to make sure that France was secure from German attack and so demanded that France’s northeastern boundary was safe. Germany therefore lost Alsace-Lorraine. The Rhineland was demilitarised so tat French borders were secure.
b. Three frontier areas: Eupen, Malmédy and Moresnet were given to Belgium.
c. Northern Schleswig went to Denmark, Southern Schleswig stayed in Germany.
d. Troppau was transferred to Czechoslovakia.
e. Poland gained West Prussia and Posen. This made up a ‘corridor’, giving Poland access to the Baltic Sea. East Prussia was separated from Germany. Poland also gained half of Silesia. (N.B. Article 87 said the Poland-Russia border would be settled later.)
f. The League of Nations took control of certain areas:
Industrial area of the Saar (Germany regained it in 1935)
Memel (a port) taken from Germany (annexed by Lithuania, 1923)
Danzig made a free city under the control of the League of Nations.
g. All Germany’s gains at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3rd March 1918) were surrendered. Germany had made considerable gains when Russia made peace.
h. Germany lost all of her overseas colonies covering a total of 1,000,000 square miles. Britain gained Tanganyika in East Africa, part of Togoland and the Cameroons. The remaining African colonies were shared between Belgium and South Africa. In the Pacific, German possessions were showed between Britain, Australia, New Zealand and Japan.
i. The union (Anschluss) of Austria and Germany was forbidden.
As a result of these losses, Germany’s total territorial losses amounted to 28,000 square miles, and six million people.
________________________________________
Military Losses
1. The German army was reduced to 100,000 men, and conscription was disallowed.
2. No tanks, aircraft or heavy artillery were to be manufactures for the German armed forces.
3. German navy reduced to: six battleships, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers, and twelve torpedo boats. Germany had to build ships for the Allies.
________________________________________
Economic Losses
The German steel industry depended on coal from the Saar, and iron ore from Alsace-Lorraine. Germany lost both of these areas. Germany also lost coalmines in Upper Silesia, to Poland.
________________________________________
Reparations (compensation payment for war damages
a. This was a difficult problem to solve and so a reparations commission was established to decide how many goods and how much money Germany should pay.
b. The figure £6,600 million was eventually agreed upon.
c. Some people thought this figure was too high. J.M. Keynes (a British economist) said that Germany would only become poorer and bitter. He was right.
________________________________________
War Guilt Clause
1. This refers to Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which placed the blame for all losses received by the Allies in the First World War, on Germany.
2. The treaty also specifically asked that Kaiser be brought on trial. Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to Holland in 1918, and the Dutch refused to release him.
________________________________________
The Signing of the Treaty of Versailles
a. The terms of the treaty were presented to the Germans. The German Foreign Minister, Count Brockdorff-Ramtzau, complained of its severity
b. The Germans were given three weeks to prepare their formal complaint. The Germans complained about nearly every clause. The allies ignored all but a few complaints.
c. With no other option, the Germans signed the treaty. ‘Peace’ was signed in the Hall of Mirrors, at Versailles.
d. The Germans felt cheated by this treaty, because virtually none of Wilson’s ‘Fourteen Points’ had been included in the treaty. The Germans called the treaty a ‘diktat’ because it was dictated to them, without real consultation. The Weimar government, especially Ebert who had signed the treaty, was looked upon as traitorous.
________________________________________
Reaction of Britain, France and the USA
1. Most people in Britain had wanted revenge and so had gained some satisfaction. Lloyd George was satisfied that Britain had gained most of Germany’s colonies, so that after 1919, Britain could recover its wealth and power.
2. France, however, was not satisfied that Germany had been weakened enough. Marshal Foch of France said in 1919: ‘This is not a peace. It is an armistice for twenty-one years’. By this he meant Germany had not been weakened enough and would rise again in twenty-one years. He predicted Germany’s rise correctly. Britain and America promised help to France should Germany threaten her in the future.
3. Most remarkable of all, America refused to ratify the treaty. Wilson was a Democrat. The republican part in America opposed Wilson’s involvement in Europe, and in the autumn of 1918, the Republicans had a majority in Congress. Congress refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles because:-
a. Republicans were against Democrats
b. Republicans wanted ‘isolation’
France still felt insecure, because Britain would not support France without American aid.
________________________________________
Reasons why Germany Thought the Treaty of Versailles was Unfair
________________________________________
1. Germany thought the Treaty of Versailles (28th June 1919) was unfair because it was a ‘diktat’. The ‘Big Three’ had not negotiated with Germany at Paris from January – June 1919. Germany was given only three weeks to comment on the vast amounts of peace clauses. Her objections were largely ignored. Germany resented the attitude of revenge which was summed up by the British press as:
2. "Make Germany Pay"
and
"Squeeze the German Lemon until the Pips Squeak!"
3. Germany though the Treaty was unfair because it was not based fully on Wilson’s ‘Fourteen Points’. On the 5th November, 198, Germany had accepted the Fourteen Points as the basis for peace and an armistice began at 11 o’clock on the 11th November 1918. By the 28th June 1919, when the Treaty of Versailles was signed, the Fourteen Points had been largely forgotten. (See table below)
How the Fourteen Points were Ignored
Fourteen Points Treaty of Versailles
Open Diplomacy The ‘Big Three’ made all the decisions at Versailles, so the treaty was a ‘diktat’.
Freedom of the Seas Germany could not enjoy freedom of navigation because her navy was so reduced.
Multilateral disarmament Only Germany disarmed at Versailles. It was enforced unilateral disarmament. Also, to humiliate Germany further, she had to build ships for the Allies (Allies rearmed)
National-Self Determination NSD was applied unfairly at Versailles, e.g. Poland. Poland was given Posen-West Prussia, and therefore, the Germans on this land were now under foreign rule. Also the Anschluss of Germany and Austria was not allowed, and so the Germany speakers in these lands were denied NSD.

[torpedo dw]

Trade Agreement Between His Brittanic Majesty's Government and the Government of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic
16 March 1921
________________________________________
From: The Anglo-Soviet Accord, Richard H. Ullman, Princeton University Press, 1972, pps 474-478
________________________________________
Whereas it is desirable in the interests both of Russia and of the United Kingdom that peaceful trade and commerce should be resumed forthwith between these countries, and whereas for this purpose it is necessary pending the conclusion of a formal general Peace Treaty between the Governments of these countries by which their economic and political relations shall be regulated in the future that a preliminary Agreement should be arrived at between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the Russian Socialist Soviet Republie, hereinafter referred to as the Russian Soviet Government.
The aforesaid parties have accordingly entered into the present Agreement for the resumption of trade and commeree between the countries The present Agreement is subject to the fulfilment of the following conditions, namely: --
(a) That each party refrains from hostile action or undertakings against the other and from conducting outside of its own borders any official propaganda direct or indirect against the institutions of the British Empire or the Russian Soviet Republic respectively, and more particularly that the Russian Soviet Government refrains from any attempt by military or diplomatic or any other form of action or propaganda to encourage any of tbe peoples of Asia in any form of hostile action against British interests or the British Empire, especially in India and in the Independent State of Afghanistan. The British Government gives a similar particular undertaking to the Russian Soviet Government in respect of the countries which formed part of the former Russian Empire and which have now become independent.
(b) That all British subjects in Russia are immediately permitted to return home and that all Russian citizens in Great Britain or other parts of the British Empire who desire to return to Russia are similarly released.
It is understood that the term "conducting any official propaganda" includes the giving by either party of assistance or encouragement to any propaganda conducted outside its own borders.
The parties undertake to give forthwith all necessary instructions to their agents and to all persons under their authority to conform to the stipulations undertaken above.
I.
Both parties agree not to impose or maintain any form of blockade against each other and to remove forthwith all obstacles hitherto placed in the way of the real trade between the United Kingdom and Russia in any commodities which may be legally exported from or imported into their respective territories to or from any other foreign country, and not to exercise any discrimination against such trade, as compared with that carried on with any other foreign country or to place any impediments in the way of banking, credit and financial operations for the purpose of such trade, but subject always to legislation generally applicable in the respective countries. It is understood that nothing in this Article shall prevent either party from regulating the trade in arms and ammunition under general provisions of law which are applicable to the import of arms and ammunition from, or their export to foreign countries.
Nothing in this Article shall be construed as overriding the provisions of any general International Convention which is binding on either party by which the trade in any particular article is or may be regulated (as for example, the Opium Convention).
II.
British and Russian ships, their masters, crews and cargoes shall, in ports of Russia and the United Kingdom respectively, receive in all respects the treatment, privileges, facilities, immunities and protections which are usually accorded by the established praetice of commercial nations to foreign merchant ships, their masters, crews and cargoes, visiting their ports including the facilities usually accorded in respect of coal and water pilotage, berthing, dry docks, cranes, repairs, warehouses and generally all services appliances and premises connected with merchant shipping.
Moreover, the British Government undertakes not to take part in, or to support, measures restricting or hindering, or tending to restrict or hinder, Russian ships from exercising the rights of free navigation of the high seas, straits and navigable waterways, which are enjoyed by ships of other nationalities.
Provided that nothing in this Article shall impair the right of either party to take precautions as are authorised by their respective laws with regard to the admission of aliens into their territories.
III.
The British and other governments having already undertaken the clearance of the seas adjacent to their own coasts and also certain parts of the Baltic from mines for the benefit of all nations, the Russian Soviet Government on their part undertake to clear the sea passages to their own ports.
The British Government will give the Russian Soviet government any information in their power as to the position of mines which will assist them in clearing passages to the ports and shores of Russia.
The Russian Government, like other nations, will give all information to the International Mine Clearance Committee about the areas they swept and and also what areas still remain dangerous. They will also give all information in their posession about the minefields laid down by the late Russian Governments since the outbreak of war in l914 outside Russian territorial waters in order to assist in their clearance.
Provided that nothing in this section shall be understood to prevent the Russian Government from taking or require them to disclose any measures they may consider necessary for the protection of their ports.
IV.
Each party may nominate such number of its nationals as may he agreed from time to time as being reasonably necessary to enable proper effect to be given to this Agreement, having regard to the conditions under which trade is carried on in its territories, and the other party shall permit such persons to enter its territories, and to sojourn and carry on trade there, provided that either party may restrict the admittance of any such persons into any specified areas, and may refuse admittance to or sojourn in its territories to any individual who is persona non grata to itself, or who does not comply with this Agreement or with the conditions precedent thereto.
Persons admitted in pursuance of this Article into the territories of either party shall, while sojourning there for purposes of trade, be exempted from all compulsory services, whether civil, naval, military or other, and from any contributions whether pecuniary or in kind imposed as an equivalent for personal service and shall have right of egress.
They shall be at liberty to communicate freely by post, telegraph and wireless telegraphy, and to use telegraph codes under the conditions and subject to the regulations laid down in the International Telegraph Convention of St. Petersburg, 1875 (Lisbon Revision of 1908).
Each party undertakes to account for and to pay all balances due to the other of terminal and transit telegrams and in respect of transit letter mails in accordance provisions of the International Telegraph Convention and Regulations and of the Convention and Regulations of the Universal Postal Union respectively. The above balances when due shall be paid in the currency of either party at the option of the receiving party.
Persons admitted into Russia under this Agreement shall be permitted freely to import commodities (except commodities such as alcoholic liquors of which both the importation and the manufacture are or may be prohibited in Russia) destined solely for their household use or consumption to an amount reasonably required for such purposes.
V.
Either party may appoint one or more official agents to a number to be mutually agreed upon to reside and exercise their functions in the territories of the other who shall personally enjoy all the rights and immunities set forth in the preceding Article and also immunity from arrest and search provided that either party may refuse to admit any individual as an official agent who is persona non grata to itself or may require the other party to withdraw him should it find it necessary to do so on grounds of public interest or security. Such agents shall leave access to the authorities of the country in which they reside for the purpose of facilitating the carrying out of this Agreement and of protecting the interests of their nationals.
Official agents shall be at liberty to communicate freely with their own Government and with other official representatives of their Government in other countries by post, by telegraph and wireless telegraphy in cypher and to receive and despatch couriers with sealed bags subject to a limitation of 3 kilograms per week which shall be exempt from examination.
Telegrams and radiotelegrams of official agents shall enjoy any right of priority over private messages that may be generally accorded to messages of the official reprsentatives of foreign Governments in the United Kingdom and Russia respectively.
Russian official agents in the United Kingdom shall enjoy the same privileges in respect of exemption from taxation, central or local, as are accorded to the official representatives of other foreign Governments. British official agents in Russia shall enjoy equivalent privileges which moreover shall in no case be less than those accorded to the official agents of any other country.
The official agents shall he the competent authorities to visa the passports of persons seeking admission in pursuance of the preceeding Article into the territories of the parties.
VI.
Each party undertakes generally to ensure that persons admitted into its territories under the two preceding Articles shall enjoy all protection, rights and facilities which are necessary to enable them to carry on trade, but subject always to any legislation generally applicable in the respective countries.
VII.
Both contracting parties agree simultaneously with the conclusion of the present Trade Agreement to renew exchange of private postal and telegraphic correspondence between both countries as well as despatch and acceptance of wireless messages and parcels by post in accordance with the rules and regulations which were in existence up to 1914.
VIII.
Passports, documents of identity, Powers of Attorney and similar documents issued or certified by the competent authorities in either country for the purpose of enabling trade to be carried on in pursuance of this Agreement shall be treated in the other country as if they were issued or certified by the authorities of a recognised foreign Government.
IX.
The British Government declares that it will not initiate any steps with a view to attach or to take possession of any gold, funds, securities or commodities not being articles identifiable as the property of the British Government which may be exported from Russia in payment for imports or as securities for such payment, or of any movable or immovable property which may be acquired by the Russian Soviet Government within the United Kingdom.
It will not take steps to obtain any special legislation not applicable to other countries importation into the United Kingdom of precious metals from Russia whether specie (other than British or Allied) or bullion or manufactures or the storing, analysing, refining, melting, mortgaging or disposing thereof in the United Kingdom, and will not requisition such metals.
X.
The Russian Soviet Government undertakes to make no claim to dispose in any way of the funds or other property of the late Imperial and Provisional Russian Governments in the United Kingdom. The British Government gives a corresponding undertaking as regards British Government funds and property in Russia. This Article is not to prejudice the inclusion in the general Treaty referred to in the Preamble of any provision the subject matter of this Article.
Both parties agree to protect and not to transfer to any claimants pending the conclusion of the aforesaid Treaty any of the above funds or property whieh may be subject to their control.
XI.
Merchandise the produce or manufacture of one country imported into the other in pursuance of this Agreement shall not be subjected therein to compulsory requisition on the part of the Government or of any local authority.
XII.
It is agreed that all questions relating to the rights and claims of nationals of either party in respect of Patents, Trade Marks, Designs and Copyrights shall be equitably dealt with in the Treaty referred to in the Preamble.
XIII.
The present Agreement shall come into force immediately and both parties shall at once take all necessary measures to give effect to it. It shall continue in force unless and until replaced by the Treaty contemplated in the Preamble so long as the conditions in both the Articles of the Agreement and in the Preamble are observed by both sides. Provided that at any time after the expiration of twelve months from the date on which the Agreement comes into force either party may give notice to terminate the provisions of the preceding Articles, and on the expiration of six months from the date of such notice these Articles shall terminate accordingly.
Provided also that if as the result of any action in the Courts of the United Kingdom with the attachment or arrest of any gold, funds, securities, property or commodities not being dentifiable [sic] as the exclusive property of a British subject, consigned to the United Kingdom by the Russian Soviet Government or its representatives judgment is delivered by the Court under which such gold, funds, securities, property or commodities are held to be validly attached on account of obligations incurred by the Russian Soviet Government or by any previous Russian Government before the date of the signature of this Agreement, the Russian Soviet Government shall have the right to terminate the Agreement forthwith.
Provided also that in the event of the infringement by either party at any time of the provisions of this Agreement or of the conditions referred to in the Preamble, the other party shall immediately be free from the obligations of the Agreement. Nevertheless it is agreed that before taking any action inconsistent with the Agreement the aggrieved Party shall give the other party a reasonable opportunity of furnishing an explanation or remedying the default.
It is mutually agreed that in any of the events contemplated in the above provisos, the parties will afford all necessary facilities for the winding up in accordance with the principles of the Agreement of any transactions already entered into thereunder, and for the withdrawal and egress from their territories of the nationals of the other party and for the withdrawal of their movable property.
As from the date when six months' notice of termination shall have been given under this Article, the only new transactions which shall be entered into under the Agreement shall be those which can completed within the six months. In all other respects the provisions of the Agreement will remain fully in force up to the date of termination.
This Agreement is drawn up and signed in the English language. But it is agreed that as soon as may be a translation shall be made into the Russian lanaguage and agreed between the Parties. Both texts shall then be considered authentic for all purposes.
Signed at London, this sixteenth day of March, nineteen hundred and twenty-one.
R. S. HORNE.
L. KRASSIN.
DECLARATION OF RECOGNITION OF CLAIMS
At the moment of signature of the preceding Trade Agreement both parties declare that all claims of either party or of its nationals against the other party in respect of property or rights or in respect of obligations incurred by the existing or former Governments of either country shall be equitably dealt with in the formal general Peace referred to in the Preamble.
In the meantime and without prejudice to the generality of the above stipulation the Russian Soviet Government declares that it recognises in principle that it is liable to pay compensation to private persons who have supplied goods or services to Russia for whieh they have not been paid. The detailed mode of discharging this liability shall be regulated by the Treaty referred to in the Preamble.
The British Government hereby makes a corresponding declaration.
It is clearly understood that the above declarations in no way imply that the claims referred to therein will have preferential treatment in the aforesaid Treaty as compared with any other classes of elaims which are to be dealt with in that Treaty.
Signed at London, this sixteenth day of .March, nineteen hundred and twenty-one.
R. S. HORNE.
L. KRASSIN.
________________________________________

[torpedo dw]

THE ANGLO-JAPANESE AGREEMENT, 1901-02
________________________________________
Source: German Diplomatic Documents, 1871-1914, selected and translated by E.T.S. Dugdale, Volume III, "The Growing Antagonism, 1898-1910," (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1930), pp. 153-59.
________________________________________
[In April, 1895, England supported Japan when pressure was applied to her by the other Powers to evacuate Port Arthur. (Cf. p. ii ; also G. & T., II, p. 89.) Again in February, 1901, Lord Lansdowne joined with the Japanese in the following declaration: 'In the opinion of His Majesty's Government any such agreement as that reported to have been concluded [with Russia] with regard to Manchuria (cf. G. & T., II, p. 35) would be a source of danger to the Chinese Government and no arrangement affecting territorial rights in the Chinese Empire ought to be concluded between the Chinese Government and any one of the Powers.' To their identical declaration the Japanese added the following: 'All agreements arising out of present negotiations should be joint and China shall make no separate agreement with any Power' (XVI, 322).
In April, 1901, Baron Hayashi, Japanese Minister in London, sounded both Lord Lansdowne (G. & T., II, p. 89) and Baron von Eckardstein (Ten Years, p. 218) as to 'whether Germany would eventually consent to a far-reaching arrangement along with England and Japan for the maintenance of the open door and the integrity of China, the arrangement to be based on the Anglo-German Agreement. The Minister developed the idea that these three Powers should not only engage themselves to observe the principle of integrity and the open door in China, but also, if need be, to hold others to it. In the event of such an arrangement an exception could be made in Manchuria; there could then be no harm in letting Russia have this assuming that existing treaty rights were observed...' Germany showed no inclination to accede to the Japanese proposal, so England and Japan proceeded with the negociations which ripened into the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
On July 12th, 1902, Mr. A. J. Balfour succeeded his uncle, Lord Salisbury, as Prime Minister.]
________________________________________
XVII. 141
BARON VON ECKARDSTEIN TO THE GERMAN FOREIGN OFFICE, July 19th, 1901
Cipher telegram. Private for Baron von Holstein.
Lord Lansdowne, whose attention I have recently called in various ways to the dangers and symptoms of a Russo-Japanese rapprochement, informed me in strict confidence that yesterday he had a long conversation with the Japanese Minister, to whom he said that he would do his utmost to get the British Government to accede to any wishes of Japan. The Minister's replywas that at the moment he had no wishes to put forward for his Government, but that it was possible that he might shortly declare such wishes.
To Lord Lansdowne's question whether the Press rumour that Russia and France had offered financial help to Japan was a true one the Minister replied that quite recently Russia had again declared at Tokio that she was very ready and at any moment able to procure the Japanese Government a largish loan in Paris. As far as he, the Minister, knew, any offer of the sort had been rejected at Tokio up to the present.
Lord Lansdowne said nothing as to whether England would come to Japan's assistance financially if asked, but I have a decided impression that he personally would do all he could to fulfil any wishes of the Japanese.
The telegram from Tokio which I sent recently to the Daily Mail has made a visible impression on political circles, but more particularly in the class which is financially interested in China.
________________________________________
XVII. 93
MEMORANDUM BY MUHLBERG IN BERLIN, August 2nd, 1901
Extract.
....In order to counter an Anglo-Russian rapprochement there is only one method possible-that the German Government shall formally approve Director Siemens' conversion of the Bagdad project from a German into a Franco-German one, and that we should announce it officially in St. Petersburg. This would remove the present main cause for political irritation between us and Russia.
For the consistency of the control of German policy it will be necessary for His Majesty not only to approve this point of view, but to identify himself with it, so that during the Homburg meeting he may never lose sight of the conviction that we shall ruin our relations with England the moment it is known there that we are on bad terms with Russia and France.
[The correspondence on the subject of the Alliance bears scarcely any marginal notes by the Emperor. Eckardstein (Ten Years, pp. 226, 23 1-2) shows evidence that the facts of it were kept from the Emperor's knowledge.
Late in August, 1901, King Edward visited the Emperor at Wilhelmshöhe and held with him a conversation at which Sir Frank Lascelles was present. (Cf. Lee, King Edward VII., II, p. 125 et seq.)]
________________________________________
XVII. 97
MEMORANDUM BY THE EMPEROR WILLIAM, August 23rd, 1901
Extract.
...I said--Here am I in the middle of Europe with my strong army, and in company with my affies whom I can trust, I shall see to it that all remains quiet.
King Edward and Sir Frank Lascelles admitted the high merit earned by Germany in preserving peace.
This being so, I continued, England must shape her policy to suit it. Business interests had brought us nearer to France,' and we shall always find someone as an ally to protect our trade interests against third parties. England must have perceived that on the continent there was a strong tendency in favour of a continental business union against those who annoyed the continent in matters of trade. England would do well to consider this. I could not judge whether it was possible or profitable for England to maintain her 'splendid isolation', or if it was to her interests to range herself on the side of the continent or America. I would only suggest that America and Russia were perhaps more intimate together than people in London would consent to believe. In America Russia had a very clever and energetic representative in Count Cassini, who knew America intimately and adopted the right tone with the people there. America already possessed the Philippines and was constructing a cable. This meant a step against the Yangtsze. Did England imagine she would be able to oppose America and Russia in the Far East by herself without Japan? France would certainly not help England, and Germany had no fleet for such enterprises....
________________________________________
XVII. 98
THE CHANCELLOR, COUNT VON BULOW, AT NORDENEY, TO THE GERMAN FOREIGN OFFICE, September 16th, 1901
Cipher telegram. Secret.
Count Metternich wrote to me from London on the 13th: 'When I was here eighteen months ago on a similar mission jingoism was at its height. Patriotic enthusiasm flamed brightly, and all the nation's nerves were on the stretch in order to win the South African war. To-day the excitement has disappeared and depression has taken its place. Nevertheless the great majority still cling to the cry of no peace until the independence of the Boer Republic falls, but privately everyone is sick of the war. The excitement of the last years has been replaced by a drowsiness, which I think must be held to embrace foreign affairs also. We have to deal with a man who is tired after the struggle and wants rest and wifi undertake nothing which lays duties on him requiring any fresh effort. England's overdone imperialism threatens to lead her back to Gladstone's principle of non-interference. The feeling that there has been enough of trouble for the present may account for the vehement Press campaign which has been going on for some time (especially in The Times) in favour of a settlement between England and Russia in the Persian Gulf. What I write here rests on small indications and on what my vox interior tells me. I sit here in London all through September and October as though on a desert island. No one of any political importance is here with whom to talk, and the British Foreign Office clerks are not the right people to collect general political impressions from. I have not mentioned the alliance question as it seems to me too remote. I hope that at Danzig you succeeded in drawing tighter the bonds between Germany and Russia. For the more England holds aloof, the nearer must we draw to Russia in spite of all difficulties. It might become more and more difficult to tack between the two. By this I do not mean that a rapprochement with Russia must imply open enmity with England. The one does not necessarily mean the other.'
Count Metternich's strictly confidential communication given above agrees in many points with what I hear from Germans settled in England, who know the conditions there and who sympathise with England. I think correct the views expressed in his closing sentence, that in spite of continuous and careful attention to our relations with Russia we have no reason for assuming an unfriendly attitude towards England. At Danzig it was my impression that the Russians would hardly have been so accommodating if our good relations with England had not heightened our prestige in their eyes. Also for the sake of our foreign policy we must avoid anything likely to reverse the policy to which we have held in recent years, unless we must...
[In December, 1901, the Marquis Ito visited St. Petersburg with a view to coming to an agreement about Korea, where Japan possessed great interests. In June, 1901, it had been the Russian Government's impression that Ito 'wished by every means to avoid a conifict with Russia, but that war-like influences in Japan were constantly increasing in strength' (XVII, 139). The visit to St. Petersburg led to no result, and Marquis Ito went first to Paris, and then to London. (Cf. G. & T., II, p. 108; Eckardstein, Ten Years at the Court of St. James, p. 226.]
________________________________________
XVII. 144
MEMORANDUM BY BARON VON ALVENSLEBEN, IN ST. PETERSBURG, December 4th, 1901
Extract.
After his ten days' stay in St. Petersburg Marquis Ito left to-day. He was treated by Russian official circles with particular attention from first to last and the whole Russian Press published flattering articles about him.
Nevertheless it can hardly be assumed that the Marquis Ito's conversations here can have led to any conceivable result; on the contrary it must have been Russia's prevailing wish to send away this statesman, who is influential at home and whose personal feelings are known, with the best possible impressions.
It appears as if the Marquis Ito's reason for coming to St. Petersburg was to ascertain how the points of difference between Japan and Russia with regard to Korea and Manchuria could be settled....
[Shortly after the New Year, 1902, the Marquis Ito came to England and stayed with Lord Lansdowne at Bowood. On January 30th the Anglo-Japanese Agreement was signed. (Cf. G. & T., II, p. 115).]
________________________________________
XVII. 149
THE CHANCELLOR, COUNT VON BULOW, TO COUNT VON METTERNICH, IN LONDON, March 13th, 1902
Very Confidential.
I thank you sincerely for your letter of February 21st.
I entirely concur with you that Chamberlain's recent and very correctly and pleasantly expressed show of friendship towards Italy respecting Malta is only to be explained by annoyance at Italy's attitude towards France, also that only the British Government's fear that Ito and Japan might end by joining hands with Russia over England's head could have brought the Anglo-Japanese Agreement into existence. The step to the 'entangling alliance' seems to have been a hard one for your British friends.
So nimmt em Kind der Mutter Brust
Nicht gleich im Anfang willig an,
Doch bald erndhrt es sich mit Lust.
I think that just now for us the circumstance--which you rightly mention--that the Agreement with Japan will set aside the attempts at a rapprochement between England and Russia is far the most important point, and even the A B C -politicians of the National Review will in consideration for their new Japanese friends try harder than ever to find arguments to convince a sober-minded Englishman that there is no point of dispute worth mentioning between England and Russia in Asia. A British understanding with Russia would in fact amount to a British declaration of bankruptcy in Asia and Europe. Time helps Russia, but not England, and every British concession to Russia hastens the ruin of British prestige in Asia and Europe.
For the rest careful observation of the British Press by you (and Eckardstein) will be of especial value to us in future, as it may be important in view of our future decisions to see against whom the increased self-confidence, which you mention as a result of the departure from isolation, will be directed. Against Russia-France-ourselves? And if, as you very rightly say, we must not ignore the possibility that the AngloJapanese group may come forward in opposition to our aspirations in the Far East, we must naturally follow every indication of such a later orientation of the Anglo-Japanese group with all the more attention, if symptoms appear in the British Press, public opinion or in Government circles that in the event of a more active Anglo-Japanese policy in the Far East they might feel assured of the sympathy or even the support of the United States.
[The French and Russian Governments prepared a joint note on the Anglo-Japanese Agreement, (cf. G. & T., II, p. 135) which was handed to the British and German Governments on March 19th and 20th respectively. The last sentence runs as follows: 'Toutefois, obliges d'envisager eux aussi, le cas oil soit l'action agressive de tierces puissances, soit de nouveaux troubles en Chine, mettant en question l'intégrité et le libre développement de cette Puissance, deviendraient une menace pour leurs propres intérêts, les deux Gouvernements allies se réservent d'aviser éventuellement aux moyens d'en assurer la sauvegarde.']
________________________________________
XVII. 179
MEMORANDUM BY THE CHANCELLOR, COUNT VON BULOW, March 20th, 1902
This morning the Marquis de Noailles read me the Franco-Russian declaration regarding China and handed me a copy. On paragraph 1 of this document I remarked that no Power could fail to agree with it. To paragraph 2 as far as the words 'extreme Orient' I had no objection. To the last sentence I merely remarked that it was a case of the sting being in the tail. I confined myself to thanking the French Government for the friendly and courteous form of the communication and to acknowledging its receipt. In the course of our conversation the Marquis indicated, but only as his private opinion, that he rather disliked the idea of joining with Russia against England and Japan. France had no special interests in North China, and he urgently hoped that no complications with England and Japan about Korea and Manchuria would ensue. With much hesitation he suggested how nice it would be of us to help Russia in Korea and Manchuria against the restless Japan; whereupon I replied to the Ambassador that our policy in the Far East was one of entire reserve and only concerned trade.
I had a long conversation with the Russian Ambassador on the same subject. He began by saying that he was only instructed to deliver the declaration without comment, since we had already declared our unwillingness to refer to the matter again. But from himself alone, a titre d'ami, he added the following: Count Lamsdorff was annoyed not so much at the fact of our not coming in but at the form of our refusal, for it was this which had disappointed and hurt them in St. Petersburg, particularly because Count Lamsdorff had submitted his draft to the Emperor Nicholas, naming France as the sole participant; the Tsar had replied: 'Oui, mais avec l'Allemagne.' I repeated in a most friendly tone that we had refused to support the aspirations of England and Japan in Manchuria and Korea, and that for the same reasons, equally cogent in this case also, we could not engage ourselves for the other side in those far-off regions. I spoke in the sense of my Reichstag speech and my last telegram to Count Alvensleben, and said that we perhaps had Austria-Hungary a contre coeur on our side, but in no case Italy. Finally Count Osten-Sacken said it was the object of both of us to see that the incident had no evil consequences, as it was more than ever the duty of the two Emperors to hold
together faithfully against revolution and the insecure condition of Europe.
________________________________________
Return to Vinnie's Home Page
Return to IR History Page