Preguntas y respuestas sobre acrónimos navales militares
- pedro moreno garcia
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Pero me imagino que para poder estar más tiempo en el mar los barcos necesitan mayor tamaño, ademas de un adecuado sistema de armanento, a lo mejor estoy equivicado, pero el tamaño en desplazamiento y poder llevar uno o dos helicopteros es importante no, ademas de llevar alguna o ás de una lancha rapida, lo que se conoce como trinomio, esto permitiria tener una vigilancia más amplia o me equivoco.
Orgullosamente Méxicano Hoy, Mañana y Siempre.
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- pedro moreno garcia
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Por lo que entiendo no solo el desplazamiento, , el tamaño, sino el tipo de armamento son elementos necesarios para determinar de que barco se trata. perdon por la pregunta tonta, es muy dificil esbosar un proyecto de un barco, es decir crear los planos para la construcion de un barco
Orgullosamente Méxicano Hoy, Mañana y Siempre.
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Hola a todos,
me inscribí en este foro solo por tener k saber unas cositas, espero k alguien me pueda ayudar.
Las barcas de la marina española seguramente tienen unas abreviaciones como el "USS" de los EEUU p.e. en "USS Abraham Lincoln". Cuales son?
Especialmente los portaaviones me interesan!
Y también hay categorias como la "Yamato" categoria de las Armadas Japoneses?
(quizás se lo notó: soy alemán estudiando español en el tercer año, disculpen los errores por favor) :-)
Saludos!
Patrick
me inscribí en este foro solo por tener k saber unas cositas, espero k alguien me pueda ayudar.
Las barcas de la marina española seguramente tienen unas abreviaciones como el "USS" de los EEUU p.e. en "USS Abraham Lincoln". Cuales son?
Especialmente los portaaviones me interesan!
Y también hay categorias como la "Yamato" categoria de las Armadas Japoneses?
(quizás se lo notó: soy alemán estudiando español en el tercer año, disculpen los errores por favor) :-)
Saludos!
Patrick
- ATLANTA
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Bueno ya que el tema esta un poco botado engrosemoslo un poco
- ASW (antisubmarine warfare): Guerra antisubmarina.
- ASuW (antisurface warfare) Guerra antisuperficie.
- AAW (Antiair warfare): Guerra antiaerea.
- EW (Electronic warfare): Guerra electronica, abarca dos grandes bloques que son las MAE (Medidas de apoyo electronico) tendientes a detectar, evaluar y clasificar las emisiones del enemigo y las CME (Contra medidas electronicas) tendientes a a negar el uso del espectro electromagnetico al enemigo a través de la intervención de sus sistemas. En esta guerra se utilizan varias palabras de comun uso como lo son, confundir, seducir, enmascarar, negar, distraer, entre otras y que representan una acción determinada.
- SAG (surface action group): Grupo de acción de superficie, agrupación de unidades destacadas en esta tarea.
- TASM (Tomahawk antiship missile): el misil Tomahaws que también se conoce con el apodo de Tommy.
- SOA (Speed operative advance): Velocidad a la que navega la fuerza o unidad, se mide en nudos.
- CIC (Combat Information center): Central de información de combate, representa el cerebro de todo buque de guerra, desde allí se detecta, plotea y planifican las acciones tendientes a la operación del buque, tanto en su parte interna como externa, generalmente esta al mando del PWO.
- PWO (Principal war oficer): Oficial de la Guerra principal, es la persona encargada de tomar las decisiones durante las acciones de combate u operaciones de un buque de Guerra, oficial de mayor rango.
- RAS (Replenishment-at-Sea): Reaprovisionamiento en la mar, manibras tendientes a abastecer al buque de lo que necesite en logistica, combustible, personal, viveres, etc., se efectua con la unidad navegando y desde otra unidas, la maniobra clásica es la LOGOS.
- VERTREP (Vertical replenishment) reaprovisionamiento vertical, se efectua a través de aeronaves de ala rotativa (Helicopteros).
- C.R.A. (control y reparación de averias), todas las acciones tendientes a mantener la flotabilidad, estanqueidad y capacidad del buque para el combate.
- Soft Kill: Toda aquella medida dentro de la EW tendiente a eliminar la amenaza de un misil través de sistemas electronicos que perturban su guía o a través del despliegue de señuelos de cualquier tipo (CHAFF).
- Hard kill: Dentro de esta categoría ingresan los sistemas de armas tendientes a destruir la amenaza qu representa un misil, tenemos los CIWS, misiles antimisil, artilleria A/A, etc.
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Bueno ahora a dormir, mañana le seguimos dando
saludos
ATLANTA
- ASW (antisubmarine warfare): Guerra antisubmarina.
- ASuW (antisurface warfare) Guerra antisuperficie.
- AAW (Antiair warfare): Guerra antiaerea.
- EW (Electronic warfare): Guerra electronica, abarca dos grandes bloques que son las MAE (Medidas de apoyo electronico) tendientes a detectar, evaluar y clasificar las emisiones del enemigo y las CME (Contra medidas electronicas) tendientes a a negar el uso del espectro electromagnetico al enemigo a través de la intervención de sus sistemas. En esta guerra se utilizan varias palabras de comun uso como lo son, confundir, seducir, enmascarar, negar, distraer, entre otras y que representan una acción determinada.
- SAG (surface action group): Grupo de acción de superficie, agrupación de unidades destacadas en esta tarea.
- TASM (Tomahawk antiship missile): el misil Tomahaws que también se conoce con el apodo de Tommy.
- SOA (Speed operative advance): Velocidad a la que navega la fuerza o unidad, se mide en nudos.
- CIC (Combat Information center): Central de información de combate, representa el cerebro de todo buque de guerra, desde allí se detecta, plotea y planifican las acciones tendientes a la operación del buque, tanto en su parte interna como externa, generalmente esta al mando del PWO.
- PWO (Principal war oficer): Oficial de la Guerra principal, es la persona encargada de tomar las decisiones durante las acciones de combate u operaciones de un buque de Guerra, oficial de mayor rango.
- RAS (Replenishment-at-Sea): Reaprovisionamiento en la mar, manibras tendientes a abastecer al buque de lo que necesite en logistica, combustible, personal, viveres, etc., se efectua con la unidad navegando y desde otra unidas, la maniobra clásica es la LOGOS.
- VERTREP (Vertical replenishment) reaprovisionamiento vertical, se efectua a través de aeronaves de ala rotativa (Helicopteros).
- C.R.A. (control y reparación de averias), todas las acciones tendientes a mantener la flotabilidad, estanqueidad y capacidad del buque para el combate.
- Soft Kill: Toda aquella medida dentro de la EW tendiente a eliminar la amenaza de un misil través de sistemas electronicos que perturban su guía o a través del despliegue de señuelos de cualquier tipo (CHAFF).
- Hard kill: Dentro de esta categoría ingresan los sistemas de armas tendientes a destruir la amenaza qu representa un misil, tenemos los CIWS, misiles antimisil, artilleria A/A, etc.
-
Bueno ahora a dormir, mañana le seguimos dando
saludos
ATLANTA
\\\\\\\"Mientras más sudor derrames en la paz, menos sangre derramaras en la guerra\\\\\\\\"
- Rotax
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Slevin escribió:Hola a todos,
me inscribí en este foro solo por tener k saber unas cositas, espero k alguien me pueda ayudar.
Las barcas de la marina española seguramente tienen unas abreviaciones como el "USS" de los EEUU p.e. en "USS Abraham Lincoln". Cuales son?
Especialmente los portaaviones me interesan!
Y también hay categorias como la "Yamato" categoria de las Armadas Japoneses?
(quizás se lo notó: soy alemán estudiando español en el tercer año, disculpen los errores por favor) :-)
Saludos!
Patrick
Hola, Patrick. Bienvenido al foro, y disculpas por la tradanza en contestarte...
La respuesta a tu pregunta es NO. Los navíos españoles no tienen en su nombre siglas que los distingan como navíos de la Armada Española, aunque a veces aparecen en los listados como SPS (Spanish Ship). Creo que es una denominación OTAN, pero no estoy seguro. De lo que sí estoy seguro es de que es una ordinariez...
Puedes ilustrarte mas si consultas el hilo
http://www.militar.org.ua/foro/iquest-p ... 15522.html
Saludos
Nosotros somos los países auténticos, no las fronteras trazadas en los mapas con los nombres de hombres poderosos.
Katharine Clifton en "El paciente Inglés"
Katharine Clifton en "El paciente Inglés"
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Cruiser Volplane Nuclear de forma "oficial", pero también he leído Carrier Vessel Nuclear, aunque no sea el acronimo oficial.
Saludos
Saludos
Última edición por RGSS el 31 Oct 2010, 14:05, editado 1 vez en total.
"That men do not learn very much from the lessons of history is the most important lesson history has to tell."
Aldous Huxley 1894-1963
Aldous Huxley 1894-1963
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Sobre el origen del acronimo CV, habia leido una curiosa explicación en internet, y al ver vuestro comentario la he buscado y vuelto a encontrar.
Aquí esta la página...
http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/hy ... 0226.shtml
Me llamó la atención porque dice que CV corresponde a "Carrier aViation", y es así porque en las designaciones de barcos de la Navy, CA se usaba ya en los buques auxiliares y C en los cruceros. Añadiendole nuclear entiendo que acabo derivando en CVN.
Saludos.
Aquí esta la página...
http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/hy ... 0226.shtml
Me llamó la atención porque dice que CV corresponde a "Carrier aViation", y es así porque en las designaciones de barcos de la Navy, CA se usaba ya en los buques auxiliares y C en los cruceros. Añadiendole nuclear entiendo que acabo derivando en CVN.
Saludos.
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No hay de qué Mr Stryker.
Creo que lo de Carrier Aviation no es correcto. Es la primera vez que lo leo y la verdad es que no me suena de nada (quizás ando errado)
Aquí una explicación extraida de algo que parece relativamente oficial..., y en que realmente tampoco lo clarifican al 100%...
The following is taken from "United States Naval Aviation 1910-1995, Appendix 16: US Navy and Marine Corps Squadron Designations and Abbreviations":
On 17 July 1920, the Secretary of the Navy prescribed a standard nomenclature for types and classes of NAVAL VESSELs, including aircraft, in which lighter-than air craft were identified by the type "Z" and heavier-than air craft by the letter "V". The reference also speculates that: "The use of the "V" designation has been a question since the 1920s. However, no conclusive evidence has been found to identify why the letter "V" was chosen. It is generally believed the "V" was in reference to the French word volplane. As a verb, the word means to glide or soar. As a noun, it described an aeronautical device sustained in the air by lifting devices (wings), as opposed to the bag of gas that the airships (denoted by "Z") used. The same case may be regarding the use of "Z". It is generally believed the "Z" was used in deference to Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. However, documentation has not been located to verify this assumption."
In European NATO Countries, "R" is used to designate an aircraft carrier.
El tema también viene un poco por la historia de los pprtas en sí, que en un principio fueron Cruceros a los que se le "acopló" una pista para aeronaves.
Saludos
Creo que lo de Carrier Aviation no es correcto. Es la primera vez que lo leo y la verdad es que no me suena de nada (quizás ando errado)
Aquí una explicación extraida de algo que parece relativamente oficial..., y en que realmente tampoco lo clarifican al 100%...
The following is taken from "United States Naval Aviation 1910-1995, Appendix 16: US Navy and Marine Corps Squadron Designations and Abbreviations":
On 17 July 1920, the Secretary of the Navy prescribed a standard nomenclature for types and classes of NAVAL VESSELs, including aircraft, in which lighter-than air craft were identified by the type "Z" and heavier-than air craft by the letter "V". The reference also speculates that: "The use of the "V" designation has been a question since the 1920s. However, no conclusive evidence has been found to identify why the letter "V" was chosen. It is generally believed the "V" was in reference to the French word volplane. As a verb, the word means to glide or soar. As a noun, it described an aeronautical device sustained in the air by lifting devices (wings), as opposed to the bag of gas that the airships (denoted by "Z") used. The same case may be regarding the use of "Z". It is generally believed the "Z" was used in deference to Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. However, documentation has not been located to verify this assumption."
In European NATO Countries, "R" is used to designate an aircraft carrier.
El tema también viene un poco por la historia de los pprtas en sí, que en un principio fueron Cruceros a los que se le "acopló" una pista para aeronaves.
Saludos
"That men do not learn very much from the lessons of history is the most important lesson history has to tell."
Aldous Huxley 1894-1963
Aldous Huxley 1894-1963
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Ahora que cumple su centenario la aviación naval en EEUU.
U.S. NAVY AND MARINE CORPS SQUADRON DESIGNATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS, APPENDIX 16
THE SYSTEM OF SQUADRON designations was established to help define part of naval aviation’s organizational structure and help identify the operational and administrative functions of aviation within the fleet. Just as the designations for ships, such as DD, CA, BB, etc., were used to define the duties of the specific units and their alignment within the fleet organization, so also were the squadron designations established to formulate the responsibilities and alignment within naval aviation and the fleet structure.
During naval aviation’s early years there were big question marks concerning naval aviation’s ability to succeed as a functional component of the fleet and whether it would survive due to the limited capabilities of the aircraft. In official publications and references, such as the Daily Aviation News Bulletin of 1 October 1919, casual terms were used to describe or identify various aircraft squadrons and units. The casual terms were used because no specific fleet aviation organizational structure for squadrons had been officially established. Prior to 1919, naval aircraft, excluding Marine Corps planes, were primarily assigned to shore stations. Therefore, in order to integrate aviation into the fleet, it was necessary to develop a fleet organization that included aviation units. The development of a system of squadron designations is discussed in
Chapter 1.
In general terms, the Navy’s system for designating naval aircraft squadrons has usually conformed to the following loose classification structure:
(1) Squadron designations were based on specific letters used for indicating the missions for each particular type of squadron and its assigned aircraft. As an example, a World War II squadron operating the F4U Corsair aircraft would have been designated a fighting squadron (VF). The letter F, for fighting or fighter, was the key in identifying the type of squadron and was also used in the aircraft’s designation.
(2) Identification numbers were assigned to each squadron, such as VF-1. The number 1 separates Fighter Squadron 1 (VF-1) from FighterSquadron 10 (VF-10).
There have been many variations to this basic system throughout naval aviation’s history. Changes were also made to the designation system when new plane types were developed and new squadrons were formed to carry out those new missions. There is no logical sequence for the numerical designation assigned the various squadrons throughout most of naval aviation’s history. The Marine Corps did establish a logical sequence for their squadron designations, however, there are variations to this system, too.
As Navy squadrons were established, disestablished or redesignated, many of the same letters and numbers were reused and assigned at a later date for newly established or redesignated units, hence, the lineage of a squadron cannot always be traced or linked by using the same designation. As an example, VF-1 from World War II has no direct relationship to VF-1 established in the 1970s. The rich tradition and heritage of the various squadrons in the Navy has not always been carried over because of the break in continuity between units. Once a squadron is disestablished that ends its history. If a new squadron is established using the same designation of a previous squadron it does not have any direct relationship with that unit. The reuse of many of the same letters and numerical designations adds considerable confusion to the squadron designation system. A new squadron may carry on the traditions of a previous squadron, just as a ship that has been assigned the same name more than once carries on the traditions of the past ships with the same name. However, a squadron, just like a ship, can not claim a heritage or historical link to the old unit with the same designation.
Consistency has been the major ingredient lacking in the Navy’s squadron designation system. As an example, the use of “Plane” in squadron designations was not consistent during the 1920s. Sometimes the full designation would be written differently, depending on the squadron’s assignment to the Battle Fleet, Scouting Fleet, or Asiatic Fleet. A designation such as Scouting Squadron and Scouting Plane Squadron, which used the same abbreviation, VS, was listed in the Navy Directory as Scouting Squadron under the Battle Fleet and Scouting Plane Squadron under the Scouting Fleet. The use of “Plane” in squadron designations was most likely designed to identify the squadron as an aviation unit, vice a destroyer squadron. This seems to be especially true during the 1920s when aviation was first being integrated into the fleet organization and operations. The Navy Directory; Monthly Report, Status of Naval Aircraft; and the Bureau of Aeronautics, Weekly Newsletter all list squadron designations using “Plane.” The Chief of Naval Operations’ Naval Aeronautical Organization, published for each Fiscal Year, lists the squadron designations without using “Plane” in the designation. It is obvious there is no difference between the squadrons with or without the use of “Plane” in the squadron designation. The acronym remained the same, with or without the use of “Plane” in the full squadron designation. In the 1930s the squadron designations listed in all four sources identified above usually refer to the squadron using its abbreviated designation, such as VF Squadron 1 (VF-1) instead of Fighting Plane Squadron 1. In the 1940s the use of “Plane” in the full squadron designation is dropped.
In the late 1940s and early 1950s the VC squadron designation was used to identify a group of squadrons with several different missions but all assigned the VC designation. Missions for specific Composite Squadrons (VC) included all-weather night, attack and defense; air early warning; anti-submarine warfare; and photographic. The only identifying factor to separate the different types of Composite Squadrons was the numerical designation. In the late 1940s the single digit numbers were for the Composite Night or Attack and Defense units, those numbers in the teens were for Composite Air Warning squadrons, numbers in the 20s and 30s were for Composite Anti-Submarine units, and the numbers in the 60s were for Composite Photographic squadrons.
Besides the composite squadrons (VC), several patrol squadrons (VP) had specific mission requirements that were different from its normal patrol and reconnaissance duties. However, these squadrons still maintained the normal VP designation. In the late 1940s there were two VP squadrons with a primary mission of photographic and one with an air early warning mission. VP- 61 and VP-62 were the photographic squadrons and VP-51 was the air early warning squadron.
The special VC and VP designated units, were on the cutting edge of technology, which eventually lead to the development of specialized squadron designations in the 1950s and 1960s. Squadrons such as VAW (Carrier Airborne Early Warning), VAQ (Tactical Electronic Warfare), and VQ (Electronic Countermeasures or Air Reconnaissance) were the result of technical developments in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
The use of an abbreivated squadron designation with different missions occurred in the early 1950s when the VJ designation was used for both photographic squadrons and weather squadrons. VJ-1 and 2 were designated Weather Squadrons or Weather Reconnaissance Squadrons. VJ-61 and 62 were designated Photographic Squadrons. The missions were totallydifferent for these two types of squadrons but they used
a common abbreivated squadron designation.
There are four factors that play a role in developing or changing squadron designations. They have been around since the introduction of aviation in the Navy and will continue to be the primary factors effecting squadron designations. The factors are:
1. the duties or mission of a squadron
2. technical advances in aircraft or equipment
3. changes in tactics or development of new tactics
4. changes in naval aviation or fleet organziation
The following is a list of various squadron designations used by the Navy since the early 1920s. The list is in alphabetical order rather than in the chronological order of squadron development. The general time frame for when the designation was in use is listed with the squadron designation. Further elaboration on the assignment of squadrons to other organizations and their designations such as: a battle group, carrier air wing, cruiser group, fleet air force, scouting fleet, Asiatic Fleet, naval district, reserves, etc..., has not been included in this list to prevent it from becoming to confusing or extensive. The only exception to this is for the reserves. Reserve squadron designations, beginning in 1970, are included in this list. In 1970 the naval air reserve was reorganized and the squadron structure and arrangement was aligned to mirror the squadron designation system in existence for active fleet units.
U.S. NAVY SQUADRON DESIGNATIONS/ABBREVIATIONS
BLIMPHEDRON LTA Headquarters Squadron 1943–1946
BLIMPRON LTA Squadron 1942–1961
BLIMPHEDRON LTA Headquarters Squadron 1943–1946
BLIMPRON LTA Squadron 1942–1961
BLPHEDRON Blimp Headquarters Squadron 1943–1946
BLPRON Blimp Squadron 1942–1961
FASRON Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron 1946–1960
BLPRON Blimp Squadron 1942–1961
FASRON Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron 1946–1960
HAL or HA(L) Helicopter Attack Squadron Light 1967-1972 1976-1988
HC Helicopter Combat Support Squadron 1965-present
HCS Helicopter Combat Support Special Squadron 1988-present
HCT Helicopter Combat Support Training Squadron 1974-1977
HM Helicopter Mine Countermeasures Squadron 1971-present
HS Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 1951-present
HSL Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron (Light) 1972-present
HT Helicopter Training Squadron 1960-present
HTU Helicopter Training Unit 1950-1957
HU Helicopter Utility Squadron 1948-1965
RVAH Reconnaissance Attack Squadron 1964-1979
RVAW Carrier Airborne Early Warning Training Squadron 1967-1983
STAGRON Special Air Task Force Squadron (VK) 1943-1944
TACRON Tactical Squadron or Tactical Air Control Squadron or Tactical Control Squadron 1946-present
VA Attack Squadron 1946-present
VA(AW) All-Weather Attack Squadron 1956-1959
VAH or VA(H) Heavy Attack Squadron 1955-1971
VA(HM) Attack Mining Squadron 1956–1959
VAK Tactical Aerial Refueling Squadron 1979-1989
VAL or VA(L) Light Attack Squadron 1969-1972
VAP or VA(P) Heavy Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron or Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) or Heavy Photographic Squadron 1956-1971
VAQ Carrier Tactical Electronics Warfare Squadron or Tactical Electronics Warfare Squadron 1968-present
VAW Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 1948 1956-present
VAW Carrier Tactical Electronics Warfare Squadron 1968
VB Bombing Squadron or Light Bombing Plane Squadron 1928-1946
VBF Bombing Fighting Squadron 1945-1946
VC Composite Squadron 1943-1945 1948-1956
VC Fleet Composite Squadron 1965-present
VCN Night Composite Squadron 1946-1948
VCP Photographic Composite Squadron 1959-1961
VCS Cruiser Scouting Squadron 1937-1945
VD Photographic Squadron 1943-1946
VE Evacuation Squadron 1944-1945
VF Combat Squadron 1922
VF Fighting Plane Squadron or Fighting Squadron 1922-1948
VF Fighter Squadron 1948-present
VFA Fighter Attack Squadron 1980-1983
VFA Strike Fighter Squadron 1983-present
VF(AW) All-Weather Fighter Squadron or Fighter (All-Weather) Squadron 1956-1963
VFC Fighter Squadron Composite 1988–present
VFN or VF(N) Night Fighting Squadron 1944-1946
VFP or VF(P) Light Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron or Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron or Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron (Light) or Light Photographic Squadron 1956-1987
VGF Escort-Fighter Squadron 1942-1943
VGS Escort-Scouting Squadron 1942-1943
VH Rescue Squadron 1944-1946
VJ Utility Squadron or General Utility Squadron 1925-1946
VJ Weather Squadron or Weather Reconnaissance Squadron 1952-1953
VJ Photographic Squadron 1952-1956
VK Special Air Task Force Squadron (STAGRON) 1943-1944
VN Training Squadron 1927-1947
VO Spotting Squadron 1922
VO Observation Plane Squadron or Observation Squadron 1923-1945 1947-1949 1967-1968
VOC Composite Spotting Squadron 1944-1945
VOF Observation Fighter Squadron 1942-1945
VOS Air Spotting Squadron or Observation Spotter Squadron 1944
VP Seaplane Patrol Squadron 1922
VP Patrol Squadron 1924-1944 1946 1948-present
VP-AM Amphibian Patrol Squadron 1946-1948
VPB Patrol Bombing Squadron 1944-1946
VP-HL Heavy Patrol Squadron (landplane) 1946-1948
VP-HS Heavy Seaplane Patrol Squadron 1946–1948
VPM Meteorological Squadron 1946-1947
VP-ML Medium Patrol Squadron (landplane) 1946-1948
VP-MS Medium Patrol Squadron (seaplane) 1946-1948
VPP or VP(P) Photographic Squadron or Patrol Squadron (photographic) 1946-1948
VPU Patrol Squadron Special Unit 1982-present
VPW Weather Reconnaissance Squadron 1945-1948
VPW Air Early Warning Squadron 1948
VQ Electronic Countermeasures Squadron 1955-1960
VQ Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron 1961-present
VR Transport Squadron or Air Transport Squadron or Fleet Logistic Air Squadron 1942-1958
VR Fleet Tactical Support Squadron 1958-1976
VR Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 1976-present
VRC or VR(C) Fleet Tactical Support Squadron 1960-1976
VRC Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 1976-present
VRE Air Transport Evacuation Squadron 1945
VRF Transport Ferry and Service Squadron 1943-1946
VRF Air Ferry Transport Squadron or Air Ferry Squadron 1943-1948
VRF or VR(F) Aircraft Ferry Squadron 1957-1986
VRJ Utility Transport Squadron 1945-1946
VRS Air Ferry Service Squadron or Ferry Command Service Squadron 1943-1946
VRU Transport Utility Squadron 1946-1948
VS Scouting Plane Squadron or Scouting Squadron 1922-1946
VS Anti-Submarine Squadron or Air Anti-Submarine Squadron or Carrier Air Anti-Submarine Squadron 1950-1993
VS Sea Control Squadron 1993-present
VSF Anti-Submarine Fighter Squadron 1965-1973
VT Torpedo & Bombing Plane Squadron or Torpedo & Bombing Squadron 1922-1930
VT Torpedo Plane Squadron 1921
VT Torpedo Squadron 1930-1946
VT Training Squadron 1960-present
VTN Night Torpedo Squadron 1944-1946
VU Utility Squadron 1946-1965
VW Air Early Warning Squadron or Airborne Early Warning Squadron or Fleet Early Warning Squadron 1952-1971
VW Weather Reconnaissance Squadron or Fleet Weather Reconnaissance Squadron 1967-1975
VX Experimental Squadron 1927-circa1943
VX Experimental and Development Squadron or Operational Development Squadron or Air Operational Development Squadron or Air Development Squadron 1946-1968
VX Air Test and Evaluation Squadron 1969-present
VXE Antarctic Development Squadron 1969-present
VXN Oceanographic Development Squadron 1969-1993
XVF Experimental Development Squadron 1945–1946
XVJ Experimental Utility Squadron 1945–1946
ZJ Blimp Utility Squadron 1944-1945
ZK Kite Balloon Squadron 1922-1924
ZKN Kite Balloon Training Squadron *
ZKO Kite Balloon Observation Squadron *
ZNN Non-rigid Airship Training Squadron *
ZNO Non-rigid Airship Observation Squadron *
ZNP Non-rigid Airship Patrol Squadron *
ZNS Non-rigid Airship Scouting Squadron *
ZP Airship Patrol Squadron 1942-1961
ZP Blimp Squadron 1942-1961
ZP Airship Patrol Squadron (All-Weather Anti-Submarine) or Airship Squadron or LTA Patrol Squadron 1942-1961
ZRN Rigid Airship Training Squadron *
ZRP Rigid Airship Patrol Squadron *
ZRP Rigid Airship Patrol Squadron *
ZRS Rigid Airship Scouting Squadron *
ZS Airship Anti-Submarine Squadron *
ZW Airship Early Warning Squadron 1956-1961
ZX Airship Operational Development Squadron or Airship Development Squadron 1950-1957
MARINE CORPS SQUADRON DESIGNATIONS/ABBREVIATIONS
In 1924 the letter “M” was adopted to differentiate Marine Corps squadrons from Navy squadrons.
The following is a list of Marine Corps squadron designations:
AES Marine Aircraft Engineering Squadron 1941–circa 1980
AWS Marine Air Warning Squadron 1943–1954
H&HS Marine Headquarters & Headquarters Squadron 1971–present
HMA Marine Helicopter Attack 1971–1983
HMH Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 1962–present
HMHT Marine Heavy Helicopter Training Squadron 1968–1972
HML Marine Light Helicopter Squadron 1968–1986
HMLA Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 1986–present
HMM Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 1962–present
HMMT Marine Medium Helicopter Training Squadron 1966–1972
HMR Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 1951–1956
HMR(C) Marine Helicopter Reconnaissance Squadron 1958–1960
HMR(L) Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron (light) 1956–1962
HMR(M) Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron (medium) 1957–1962
H&MS Marine Headquarters & Maintenance Squadron 1954–1988
HMT Marine Helicopter Training Squadron 1972–present
HMX Marine Helicopter Squadron 1947–present
MALS Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 1988–present
MOTS Marine Operational Training Squadron 1943–1944
SOMS Station Operation and Maintenance Squadron (Marine) 1982–present
VMA Marine Attack Squadron 1951–present
VMA(AW) Marine All-Weather Attack Squadron 1965–present
VMAQ Marine Tactical Electronics Warfare Squadron 1975–present
VMAT Marine Attack Training Squadron 1951–1958
VMAT(AW) Marine All-Weather Attack Training Squadron 1968–1986
VMB Marine Bomber Squadron 1937–1946
VMBF Marine Fighter/Bomber Squadron 1944–1946
VMCJ Marine Composite Reconnaissance Squadron 1955–1975
VMD Marine Photographic Squadron 1942–1946
VMF Marine Fighter Squadron 1937–circa 1975
VMFA Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 1963–present
VMFAT Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadron 1968–present
VMF(AW) Marine All-Weather Fighter Squadron 1948–present
VMF(N) Marine Night Fighter Squadron 1942–1958
VMFP Marine Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron 1975–1990
VMFT Marine Fighter Training Squadron 1951–present
VMFT(AW) Marine All-Weather Fighter Training Squadron 1955–1958
VMFT(N) Marine Night Fighter Training Squadron 1951–1958
VMGR Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron 1962–present
VMGRT Marine Aerial Refueling Transport Training Squadron 1986–present
VMIT Marine Instrument Training Squadron 1951–1958
VMJ Marine Utility Squadron 1945–1952
VMJ Marine Photographic Squadron 1952–1955
VML Marine Glider Squadron 1942–1943
VMO Marine Observation Squadron 1941–1993
VMP Marine Photographic Squadron 1946–1949
VMR Marine Transport Squadron 1944–1962
VMS Marine Scouting Squadron 1937–1944
VMSB Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 1941–1946
VMT Marine Training Squadron 1947–present
VMTB Marine Torpedo Bomber Squadron 1943–1946
Saludos
U.S. NAVY AND MARINE CORPS SQUADRON DESIGNATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS, APPENDIX 16
THE SYSTEM OF SQUADRON designations was established to help define part of naval aviation’s organizational structure and help identify the operational and administrative functions of aviation within the fleet. Just as the designations for ships, such as DD, CA, BB, etc., were used to define the duties of the specific units and their alignment within the fleet organization, so also were the squadron designations established to formulate the responsibilities and alignment within naval aviation and the fleet structure.
During naval aviation’s early years there were big question marks concerning naval aviation’s ability to succeed as a functional component of the fleet and whether it would survive due to the limited capabilities of the aircraft. In official publications and references, such as the Daily Aviation News Bulletin of 1 October 1919, casual terms were used to describe or identify various aircraft squadrons and units. The casual terms were used because no specific fleet aviation organizational structure for squadrons had been officially established. Prior to 1919, naval aircraft, excluding Marine Corps planes, were primarily assigned to shore stations. Therefore, in order to integrate aviation into the fleet, it was necessary to develop a fleet organization that included aviation units. The development of a system of squadron designations is discussed in
Chapter 1.
In general terms, the Navy’s system for designating naval aircraft squadrons has usually conformed to the following loose classification structure:
(1) Squadron designations were based on specific letters used for indicating the missions for each particular type of squadron and its assigned aircraft. As an example, a World War II squadron operating the F4U Corsair aircraft would have been designated a fighting squadron (VF). The letter F, for fighting or fighter, was the key in identifying the type of squadron and was also used in the aircraft’s designation.
(2) Identification numbers were assigned to each squadron, such as VF-1. The number 1 separates Fighter Squadron 1 (VF-1) from FighterSquadron 10 (VF-10).
There have been many variations to this basic system throughout naval aviation’s history. Changes were also made to the designation system when new plane types were developed and new squadrons were formed to carry out those new missions. There is no logical sequence for the numerical designation assigned the various squadrons throughout most of naval aviation’s history. The Marine Corps did establish a logical sequence for their squadron designations, however, there are variations to this system, too.
As Navy squadrons were established, disestablished or redesignated, many of the same letters and numbers were reused and assigned at a later date for newly established or redesignated units, hence, the lineage of a squadron cannot always be traced or linked by using the same designation. As an example, VF-1 from World War II has no direct relationship to VF-1 established in the 1970s. The rich tradition and heritage of the various squadrons in the Navy has not always been carried over because of the break in continuity between units. Once a squadron is disestablished that ends its history. If a new squadron is established using the same designation of a previous squadron it does not have any direct relationship with that unit. The reuse of many of the same letters and numerical designations adds considerable confusion to the squadron designation system. A new squadron may carry on the traditions of a previous squadron, just as a ship that has been assigned the same name more than once carries on the traditions of the past ships with the same name. However, a squadron, just like a ship, can not claim a heritage or historical link to the old unit with the same designation.
Consistency has been the major ingredient lacking in the Navy’s squadron designation system. As an example, the use of “Plane” in squadron designations was not consistent during the 1920s. Sometimes the full designation would be written differently, depending on the squadron’s assignment to the Battle Fleet, Scouting Fleet, or Asiatic Fleet. A designation such as Scouting Squadron and Scouting Plane Squadron, which used the same abbreviation, VS, was listed in the Navy Directory as Scouting Squadron under the Battle Fleet and Scouting Plane Squadron under the Scouting Fleet. The use of “Plane” in squadron designations was most likely designed to identify the squadron as an aviation unit, vice a destroyer squadron. This seems to be especially true during the 1920s when aviation was first being integrated into the fleet organization and operations. The Navy Directory; Monthly Report, Status of Naval Aircraft; and the Bureau of Aeronautics, Weekly Newsletter all list squadron designations using “Plane.” The Chief of Naval Operations’ Naval Aeronautical Organization, published for each Fiscal Year, lists the squadron designations without using “Plane” in the designation. It is obvious there is no difference between the squadrons with or without the use of “Plane” in the squadron designation. The acronym remained the same, with or without the use of “Plane” in the full squadron designation. In the 1930s the squadron designations listed in all four sources identified above usually refer to the squadron using its abbreviated designation, such as VF Squadron 1 (VF-1) instead of Fighting Plane Squadron 1. In the 1940s the use of “Plane” in the full squadron designation is dropped.
In the late 1940s and early 1950s the VC squadron designation was used to identify a group of squadrons with several different missions but all assigned the VC designation. Missions for specific Composite Squadrons (VC) included all-weather night, attack and defense; air early warning; anti-submarine warfare; and photographic. The only identifying factor to separate the different types of Composite Squadrons was the numerical designation. In the late 1940s the single digit numbers were for the Composite Night or Attack and Defense units, those numbers in the teens were for Composite Air Warning squadrons, numbers in the 20s and 30s were for Composite Anti-Submarine units, and the numbers in the 60s were for Composite Photographic squadrons.
Besides the composite squadrons (VC), several patrol squadrons (VP) had specific mission requirements that were different from its normal patrol and reconnaissance duties. However, these squadrons still maintained the normal VP designation. In the late 1940s there were two VP squadrons with a primary mission of photographic and one with an air early warning mission. VP- 61 and VP-62 were the photographic squadrons and VP-51 was the air early warning squadron.
The special VC and VP designated units, were on the cutting edge of technology, which eventually lead to the development of specialized squadron designations in the 1950s and 1960s. Squadrons such as VAW (Carrier Airborne Early Warning), VAQ (Tactical Electronic Warfare), and VQ (Electronic Countermeasures or Air Reconnaissance) were the result of technical developments in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
The use of an abbreivated squadron designation with different missions occurred in the early 1950s when the VJ designation was used for both photographic squadrons and weather squadrons. VJ-1 and 2 were designated Weather Squadrons or Weather Reconnaissance Squadrons. VJ-61 and 62 were designated Photographic Squadrons. The missions were totallydifferent for these two types of squadrons but they used
a common abbreivated squadron designation.
There are four factors that play a role in developing or changing squadron designations. They have been around since the introduction of aviation in the Navy and will continue to be the primary factors effecting squadron designations. The factors are:
1. the duties or mission of a squadron
2. technical advances in aircraft or equipment
3. changes in tactics or development of new tactics
4. changes in naval aviation or fleet organziation
The following is a list of various squadron designations used by the Navy since the early 1920s. The list is in alphabetical order rather than in the chronological order of squadron development. The general time frame for when the designation was in use is listed with the squadron designation. Further elaboration on the assignment of squadrons to other organizations and their designations such as: a battle group, carrier air wing, cruiser group, fleet air force, scouting fleet, Asiatic Fleet, naval district, reserves, etc..., has not been included in this list to prevent it from becoming to confusing or extensive. The only exception to this is for the reserves. Reserve squadron designations, beginning in 1970, are included in this list. In 1970 the naval air reserve was reorganized and the squadron structure and arrangement was aligned to mirror the squadron designation system in existence for active fleet units.
U.S. NAVY SQUADRON DESIGNATIONS/ABBREVIATIONS
BLIMPHEDRON LTA Headquarters Squadron 1943–1946
BLIMPRON LTA Squadron 1942–1961
BLIMPHEDRON LTA Headquarters Squadron 1943–1946
BLIMPRON LTA Squadron 1942–1961
BLPHEDRON Blimp Headquarters Squadron 1943–1946
BLPRON Blimp Squadron 1942–1961
FASRON Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron 1946–1960
BLPRON Blimp Squadron 1942–1961
FASRON Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron 1946–1960
HAL or HA(L) Helicopter Attack Squadron Light 1967-1972 1976-1988
HC Helicopter Combat Support Squadron 1965-present
HCS Helicopter Combat Support Special Squadron 1988-present
HCT Helicopter Combat Support Training Squadron 1974-1977
HM Helicopter Mine Countermeasures Squadron 1971-present
HS Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 1951-present
HSL Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron (Light) 1972-present
HT Helicopter Training Squadron 1960-present
HTU Helicopter Training Unit 1950-1957
HU Helicopter Utility Squadron 1948-1965
RVAH Reconnaissance Attack Squadron 1964-1979
RVAW Carrier Airborne Early Warning Training Squadron 1967-1983
STAGRON Special Air Task Force Squadron (VK) 1943-1944
TACRON Tactical Squadron or Tactical Air Control Squadron or Tactical Control Squadron 1946-present
VA Attack Squadron 1946-present
VA(AW) All-Weather Attack Squadron 1956-1959
VAH or VA(H) Heavy Attack Squadron 1955-1971
VA(HM) Attack Mining Squadron 1956–1959
VAK Tactical Aerial Refueling Squadron 1979-1989
VAL or VA(L) Light Attack Squadron 1969-1972
VAP or VA(P) Heavy Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron or Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) or Heavy Photographic Squadron 1956-1971
VAQ Carrier Tactical Electronics Warfare Squadron or Tactical Electronics Warfare Squadron 1968-present
VAW Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 1948 1956-present
VAW Carrier Tactical Electronics Warfare Squadron 1968
VB Bombing Squadron or Light Bombing Plane Squadron 1928-1946
VBF Bombing Fighting Squadron 1945-1946
VC Composite Squadron 1943-1945 1948-1956
VC Fleet Composite Squadron 1965-present
VCN Night Composite Squadron 1946-1948
VCP Photographic Composite Squadron 1959-1961
VCS Cruiser Scouting Squadron 1937-1945
VD Photographic Squadron 1943-1946
VE Evacuation Squadron 1944-1945
VF Combat Squadron 1922
VF Fighting Plane Squadron or Fighting Squadron 1922-1948
VF Fighter Squadron 1948-present
VFA Fighter Attack Squadron 1980-1983
VFA Strike Fighter Squadron 1983-present
VF(AW) All-Weather Fighter Squadron or Fighter (All-Weather) Squadron 1956-1963
VFC Fighter Squadron Composite 1988–present
VFN or VF(N) Night Fighting Squadron 1944-1946
VFP or VF(P) Light Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron or Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron or Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron (Light) or Light Photographic Squadron 1956-1987
VGF Escort-Fighter Squadron 1942-1943
VGS Escort-Scouting Squadron 1942-1943
VH Rescue Squadron 1944-1946
VJ Utility Squadron or General Utility Squadron 1925-1946
VJ Weather Squadron or Weather Reconnaissance Squadron 1952-1953
VJ Photographic Squadron 1952-1956
VK Special Air Task Force Squadron (STAGRON) 1943-1944
VN Training Squadron 1927-1947
VO Spotting Squadron 1922
VO Observation Plane Squadron or Observation Squadron 1923-1945 1947-1949 1967-1968
VOC Composite Spotting Squadron 1944-1945
VOF Observation Fighter Squadron 1942-1945
VOS Air Spotting Squadron or Observation Spotter Squadron 1944
VP Seaplane Patrol Squadron 1922
VP Patrol Squadron 1924-1944 1946 1948-present
VP-AM Amphibian Patrol Squadron 1946-1948
VPB Patrol Bombing Squadron 1944-1946
VP-HL Heavy Patrol Squadron (landplane) 1946-1948
VP-HS Heavy Seaplane Patrol Squadron 1946–1948
VPM Meteorological Squadron 1946-1947
VP-ML Medium Patrol Squadron (landplane) 1946-1948
VP-MS Medium Patrol Squadron (seaplane) 1946-1948
VPP or VP(P) Photographic Squadron or Patrol Squadron (photographic) 1946-1948
VPU Patrol Squadron Special Unit 1982-present
VPW Weather Reconnaissance Squadron 1945-1948
VPW Air Early Warning Squadron 1948
VQ Electronic Countermeasures Squadron 1955-1960
VQ Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron 1961-present
VR Transport Squadron or Air Transport Squadron or Fleet Logistic Air Squadron 1942-1958
VR Fleet Tactical Support Squadron 1958-1976
VR Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 1976-present
VRC or VR(C) Fleet Tactical Support Squadron 1960-1976
VRC Fleet Logistics Support Squadron 1976-present
VRE Air Transport Evacuation Squadron 1945
VRF Transport Ferry and Service Squadron 1943-1946
VRF Air Ferry Transport Squadron or Air Ferry Squadron 1943-1948
VRF or VR(F) Aircraft Ferry Squadron 1957-1986
VRJ Utility Transport Squadron 1945-1946
VRS Air Ferry Service Squadron or Ferry Command Service Squadron 1943-1946
VRU Transport Utility Squadron 1946-1948
VS Scouting Plane Squadron or Scouting Squadron 1922-1946
VS Anti-Submarine Squadron or Air Anti-Submarine Squadron or Carrier Air Anti-Submarine Squadron 1950-1993
VS Sea Control Squadron 1993-present
VSF Anti-Submarine Fighter Squadron 1965-1973
VT Torpedo & Bombing Plane Squadron or Torpedo & Bombing Squadron 1922-1930
VT Torpedo Plane Squadron 1921
VT Torpedo Squadron 1930-1946
VT Training Squadron 1960-present
VTN Night Torpedo Squadron 1944-1946
VU Utility Squadron 1946-1965
VW Air Early Warning Squadron or Airborne Early Warning Squadron or Fleet Early Warning Squadron 1952-1971
VW Weather Reconnaissance Squadron or Fleet Weather Reconnaissance Squadron 1967-1975
VX Experimental Squadron 1927-circa1943
VX Experimental and Development Squadron or Operational Development Squadron or Air Operational Development Squadron or Air Development Squadron 1946-1968
VX Air Test and Evaluation Squadron 1969-present
VXE Antarctic Development Squadron 1969-present
VXN Oceanographic Development Squadron 1969-1993
XVF Experimental Development Squadron 1945–1946
XVJ Experimental Utility Squadron 1945–1946
ZJ Blimp Utility Squadron 1944-1945
ZK Kite Balloon Squadron 1922-1924
ZKN Kite Balloon Training Squadron *
ZKO Kite Balloon Observation Squadron *
ZNN Non-rigid Airship Training Squadron *
ZNO Non-rigid Airship Observation Squadron *
ZNP Non-rigid Airship Patrol Squadron *
ZNS Non-rigid Airship Scouting Squadron *
ZP Airship Patrol Squadron 1942-1961
ZP Blimp Squadron 1942-1961
ZP Airship Patrol Squadron (All-Weather Anti-Submarine) or Airship Squadron or LTA Patrol Squadron 1942-1961
ZRN Rigid Airship Training Squadron *
ZRP Rigid Airship Patrol Squadron *
ZRP Rigid Airship Patrol Squadron *
ZRS Rigid Airship Scouting Squadron *
ZS Airship Anti-Submarine Squadron *
ZW Airship Early Warning Squadron 1956-1961
ZX Airship Operational Development Squadron or Airship Development Squadron 1950-1957
MARINE CORPS SQUADRON DESIGNATIONS/ABBREVIATIONS
In 1924 the letter “M” was adopted to differentiate Marine Corps squadrons from Navy squadrons.
The following is a list of Marine Corps squadron designations:
AES Marine Aircraft Engineering Squadron 1941–circa 1980
AWS Marine Air Warning Squadron 1943–1954
H&HS Marine Headquarters & Headquarters Squadron 1971–present
HMA Marine Helicopter Attack 1971–1983
HMH Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 1962–present
HMHT Marine Heavy Helicopter Training Squadron 1968–1972
HML Marine Light Helicopter Squadron 1968–1986
HMLA Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 1986–present
HMM Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 1962–present
HMMT Marine Medium Helicopter Training Squadron 1966–1972
HMR Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 1951–1956
HMR(C) Marine Helicopter Reconnaissance Squadron 1958–1960
HMR(L) Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron (light) 1956–1962
HMR(M) Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron (medium) 1957–1962
H&MS Marine Headquarters & Maintenance Squadron 1954–1988
HMT Marine Helicopter Training Squadron 1972–present
HMX Marine Helicopter Squadron 1947–present
MALS Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 1988–present
MOTS Marine Operational Training Squadron 1943–1944
SOMS Station Operation and Maintenance Squadron (Marine) 1982–present
VMA Marine Attack Squadron 1951–present
VMA(AW) Marine All-Weather Attack Squadron 1965–present
VMAQ Marine Tactical Electronics Warfare Squadron 1975–present
VMAT Marine Attack Training Squadron 1951–1958
VMAT(AW) Marine All-Weather Attack Training Squadron 1968–1986
VMB Marine Bomber Squadron 1937–1946
VMBF Marine Fighter/Bomber Squadron 1944–1946
VMCJ Marine Composite Reconnaissance Squadron 1955–1975
VMD Marine Photographic Squadron 1942–1946
VMF Marine Fighter Squadron 1937–circa 1975
VMFA Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 1963–present
VMFAT Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadron 1968–present
VMF(AW) Marine All-Weather Fighter Squadron 1948–present
VMF(N) Marine Night Fighter Squadron 1942–1958
VMFP Marine Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron 1975–1990
VMFT Marine Fighter Training Squadron 1951–present
VMFT(AW) Marine All-Weather Fighter Training Squadron 1955–1958
VMFT(N) Marine Night Fighter Training Squadron 1951–1958
VMGR Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron 1962–present
VMGRT Marine Aerial Refueling Transport Training Squadron 1986–present
VMIT Marine Instrument Training Squadron 1951–1958
VMJ Marine Utility Squadron 1945–1952
VMJ Marine Photographic Squadron 1952–1955
VML Marine Glider Squadron 1942–1943
VMO Marine Observation Squadron 1941–1993
VMP Marine Photographic Squadron 1946–1949
VMR Marine Transport Squadron 1944–1962
VMS Marine Scouting Squadron 1937–1944
VMSB Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 1941–1946
VMT Marine Training Squadron 1947–present
VMTB Marine Torpedo Bomber Squadron 1943–1946
Saludos
"That men do not learn very much from the lessons of history is the most important lesson history has to tell."
Aldous Huxley 1894-1963
Aldous Huxley 1894-1963
- Rotax
- Coronel
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Jo...
No sé que hacer con lo que nos ha regalado RG... Hay denominaciones actuales y hay denominaciones historicas.
La idea de mi post era no perdernos con las básicas. En cualquier caso, las subo al inicio, para uso y disfrute de todos...
Saludos
No sé que hacer con lo que nos ha regalado RG... Hay denominaciones actuales y hay denominaciones historicas.
La idea de mi post era no perdernos con las básicas. En cualquier caso, las subo al inicio, para uso y disfrute de todos...
Saludos
Nosotros somos los países auténticos, no las fronteras trazadas en los mapas con los nombres de hombres poderosos.
Katharine Clifton en "El paciente Inglés"
Katharine Clifton en "El paciente Inglés"
- faust
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